Chapter 7 Memory

Question 1

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

The concept of working memory

Answer 2

Clarifies the idea of short term memory by focusing on the active process that occurs in this stage

Question 3

Sensory memory may be visual(——- memory) or auditory (——-memory).

Answer 3

Sensory memory may be visual(iconic memory) or auditory (echoic memory).

Question 4

Are short term memory for new information is limited to about how many items

Answer 4

Seven

Question 5

The hippocampus seems to function as a

Answer 5

Temporary processing site for explicit memories.

Question 6

People with hippocampus damage resulting in amnesia may have difficulty learning new things. However, they may be able to learn new skills such as riding a bicycle, which is an

Answer 6

implicit memory

Question 7

Hey psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing

Answer 7

Recall

Question 8

Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if

Answer 8

A neutral person asks non-leading questions soon after the event, in words, the children can understand.

Question 9

We may recognize a face at a social gathering, but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of.

Answer 9

Source amnesia

Question 10

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with a reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of

Answer 10

The misinformation effect.

Question 11

Freud propose that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called

Answer 11

Repression

Question 12

The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes

Answer 12

Retroactive interference

Question 13

Specific odors, visual, images, emotions, or other associations to help us access a memory are examples of

Answer 13

Retrieval cues

Question 14

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to record the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall

Answer 14

The first items on the list

Question 15

When forgetting is due to encoding failure, meaningless information has not been transferred from

Answer 15

Short term memory into long-term memory

Question 16

Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to

Answer 16

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

Question 17

Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to

Answer 17

Level out

Question 18

What are the two basic functions of working memory?

Answer 18

1) active processing of incoming visual and auditory information and 2) focusing our spotlight of attention

Question 19

What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage information processing model?

Answer 19

1) we form some memories through automatic processing without our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model focused only unconscious memories. 2) the newer concept of a working memory emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffrin’s short-term memory stage.

Question 20

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

Answer 20

Sensory memory

Question 21

What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing and what are some examples of each?

Answer 21

Automatic processing occurs unconsciously for such things as the sequence and frequency of a days events, and reading an understanding words in our own language. Effortful processing requires us to focus attention and make an effort as when we work hard to learn new materials in class or new lines for a play.

Question 22

Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material or spreading out learning overtime and repeatedly testing yourself?

Answer 22

Although cramming may lead to short term gains in knowledge, distributed practice and repeated self testing will result in the greatest long-term retention.

Question 23

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 23

hippocampus

Question 24

Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?

Answer 24

The cerebellum and basal ganglia are important for implicit memory processing. The frontal lobes and hippocampus are key to explicit memory formation.

Question 25

Your friend has experience brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie a shoe but has a hard time remembering anything told him during a conversation. What’s going on here?

Answer 25

Our explicit conscious memories differ from our implicit memories of skills and classically conditioned responses. The brain areas that process implicit memories apparently escape damage during the accident.

Question 26

Multiple choice questions test our

Answer 26

Recognition

Question 27

Fill in the blank questions test our

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

Which brain area response to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?

Answer 28

The amygdala

Question 29

The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses of the brain’s memory connections, result from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called

Answer 29

Long-term potentiation

Question 30

What is priming?

Answer 30

The activation (often without our awareness) of associations.

Question 31

When we are tested immediately, after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and the last items best, which is known as the

Answer 31

Serial position effect

Question 32

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

Answer 32

Mood-congruent memory

Question 33

Lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms

Answer 33

Memory trace

Question 34

What are the three ways we forget, and how does each of these happen?

Answer 34

1) encoding failure: unattended information never entered our memory system.
2) storage decay: information feeds for my memory.
3) retrieval failure: we cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting.

Question 35

Destructive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 35

Proactive interference

Question 36

The destructive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 36

Retroactive interference

Question 37

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

Answer 37

Repression