Chapter 6 Learning

Question 1

Some scientist believe that the brain has ——— neurons that enable observation and imitation.

Answer 1

Mirror

Question 2

Most experts agree that repeated viewing a TV violence

Answer 2

Dulls viewers sensitivity to violence

Question 3

Parents are most effective and getting their children to imitate them if

Answer 3

Their words and actions are consistent

Question 4

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called

Answer 4

Observational learning

Question 5

According to Bandura, we learned by watching models because we experience

Answer 5

Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment

Question 6

Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated

Answer 6

Latent learning

Question 7

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats

Answer 7

Develop cognitive maps

Question 8

Taste aversion Research has shown that some animals develop aversion to certain taste but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports

Answer 8

Darwins principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival

Question 9

An old saying notes that “a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a

Answer 9

Punisher

Question 10

The Research show that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus?

Answer 10

Garcia and Koelling’s taste aversion studies

Question 11

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time period is a

Answer 11

Variable interval schedule

Question 12

After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a ——— schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 12

Fixed ratio

Question 13

Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called

Answer 13

Partial reinforcement

Question 14

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called.

Answer 14

Shaping

Question 15

Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for ——- work on operant conditioning and behavior control

Answer 15

Skinner’s

Question 16

Dogs have been trained to salivate to a circle, but not to the Square. This process is an example of

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

In Pavlov’s experiment, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became an

Answer 17

Conditioned stimulus

Question 18

Learning is defined as the process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring —- or ———.

Answer 18

Learning is defined as the process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Question 19

Two forms of associative learning are

Answer 19

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 20

In classical conditioning, we associate

Answer 20

Two or more stimuli

Question 21

In operant conditioning, we associate

Answer 21

A response, and a consequence

Question 22

Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee so hard to break?

Answer 22

Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and as a result, learn associations often without our awareness.
For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore.

Question 23

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 23

-we learn to associate 2 stimuli, and thus anticipate events or situation that evoke a response.
-manipulation of stimuli to draw out a response you want from the individual or to have a particular outcome.
-also the basic form of learning.

Question 24

The process of classical conditioning

Answer 24

-Discovered by accident during a saliva experiment
-Observe salivary response occurring before presented with food
-When dogs heard footsteps or lab assistance
-heard food dishes rattle
-Saul the attendant who fed them, or spotted their food.

Question 25

Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark would be an example of

Answer 25

Latent learning

Question 26

Speaking the language your parents speak would be an example of

Answer 26

Observational learning

Question 27

Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven would be an example of

Answer 27

Classical conditioning

Question 28

Disliking the taste of chili after being violently sick for a few days after eating chili would be an example of

Answer 28

Biological predisposition

Question 29

Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home would be an example of

Answer 29

Operant conditioning

Question 30

Neurons that fire when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural bases for imitation and observational learning.

Answer 30

Mirror neurons

Question 31

Latent learning is an example of what important idea?

Answer 31

The success of operant conditioning is affected not just by environmental cues, but also by cognitive factors.

Question 32

A desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid punishment

Answer 32

extrinsic motivation

Question 33

A desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake

Answer 33

Intrinsic motivation

Question 34

Learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Answer 34

Latent learning