Chapter 4 Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way that females and males differ is that

Answer 1

girls tend to play in small groups, while boys tend to play in large groups.

Question 2

The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a(n)

Answer 2

Y chromosome from its father

Question 3

Primary sex characteristics relate to —–; secondary sex characteristics refer to —–.

Answer 3

reproductive organs; nonreproductive traits

Question 4

On average, girls begin puberty at age —-
Boys begin puberty about the age of —-

Answer 4

11, 13

Question 5

Those born with sexual anatomy that differs from “standard” male or female babies may be considered —–

Answer 5

intersex

Question 6

Gender role refers to our

Answer 6

expectations about the way males and females should behave.

Question 7

When children have developed a —- —–, they have a sense of being male or female.

Answer 7

gender identity

Question 8

A striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the

Answer 8

sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty.

Question 9

In describing the sexual response cycle, Masters and Johnson noted that

Answer 9

men experience a refractory period during which they cannot experience orgasm.

Question 10

What is the difference between sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias?

Answer 10

Sexual dysfunction is related to arousal and sexual function.
Paraphilas are conditions, which may be classified as psychological disorders, where sexual arousal is associated with social acceptable target partners and/or suffering of self or others.

Question 11

Which factors have researches thus far found to be unrelated to the development of our sexual orientation?

Answer 11

No evidence that environmental factors (parents,childhood, peer, or dating experience)influence the development of our sexual orientation.

Question 12

Evolutionary psychologist are more likely to focus on

Answer 12

natural selection of the fittest adaptations.

Question 13

gender

Answer 13

the roles and characteristics that a culture expects from those defined as male and female

Question 14

aggression

Answer 14

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 15

relational aggression

Answer 15

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

Question 16

—- are more likely to commit relational aggression

Answer 16

Women

Question 17

—– are more likely to commit physical aggression

Answer 17

Men

Question 18

the sex chromosome found in both male and female.

Answer 18

X chromosome

Question 19

Females have — X chromosomes, men have—-.
An X chromosome from each parent produces a female.

Answer 19

2, 1.
An X chromosome from each parent produces a female.

Question 20

When paired with an X chromosome from a mother, it produces a male child.

Answer 20

Y chromosome.
Only found in males.

Question 21

The hormone that stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 21

Testosterone.

Question 22

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Answer 22

Puberty

Question 23

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 23

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 24

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 24

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Question 25

spermarche

Answer 25

(sper-MAR-key) first ejaculation.

Question 26

menarche

Answer 26

(meh-NAR-key) the first menstrual period

Question 27

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

Answer 27

puberty

Question 28

possessing biological sexual characteristic of both sexes.

Answer 28

intersex

Question 29

role

Answer 29

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Question 30

social learning theory

Answer 30

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Question 31

What do the variations of gender roles tell us?

Answer 31

Gender roles vary widely in different cultures, which proves that we are capable of learning and adapting to the social demands of different environments.

Question 32

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Answer 32

gender typing

Question 33

display both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

Answer 33

androgyny

Question 34

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson

Answer 34

sexual response cycle
-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 35

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Answer 35

refractory period

Question 36

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Answer 36

sexual dysfunction

Question 37

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Answer 37

female orgasmic disorder

Question 38

What are the factors that have an effect on sexual orientation?

Answer 38

-Size of certain cell clusters in the hypothalamus
-Prenatal hormone exposure
-For men, having multiple older biological brothers

Question 39

How do evolutionary psychologist explain gender differences in sexuality?

Answer 39

Theorize that women have inherited their ancestor’s tendencies to be more cautions sexually because of the challenges associated with incubating and nursing offspring.
Men have inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex, because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment.

Question 40

What are the three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality?