Chapter 7 - Lesson 2 Flashcards
The universally accepted method of describing human movement is in reference to three dimensions and is based on a system of three imaginary planes. What are they?
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Flexion
SAGITTAL PLANE (UP) - A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
SAGITTAL PLANE (DOWN) - A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion occurring at the ankle.
Plantar flexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.
Sagittal Plane
Imaginary line that bisects the body into the left and right side. Movements in this plane include flexion and extension. Occurs are the medial and lateralaxis
THINK of you having a wall to the left and right of you - you can only move up and down so exercises are primarily up and down movements
*Some exercises: bicep curls, tricep extension, squats, calf raises, front lunges
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions. Occurs around the anterior (front) and posterior (back) axis
THINK of you having a wall in front and behind you - you can only move side to side so exercises are primarily side to side movements
- Some exercises: adduction (in) and abduction (out)
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body. (When you add you put numbers together - in)
Lateral flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side.
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
Transverse Plane
- Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves
- Transverse plane motion occurs around a longitudinal or vertical axis.
*Exercises include internal and external rotations –> dumbbell chest fly, cable trunk rotation
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.
External Rotation
Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Radioulnar pronation (p goes first) - up
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
Radioulnar supination (s goes last) - down
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.
Pronation of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.
Supination of the foot (super force)
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.
Gait
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Scapular retraction
occurs when the shoulder blades come closer together.
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.
shrugging down
Scapular Elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
shrugging up
Elasticity
The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.
Hypermobility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited.
