Chapter 7 - Lesson 2

Question 1

The universally accepted method of describing human movement is in reference to three dimensions and is based on a system of three imaginary planes. What are they?

Answer 1

• Sagittal
• Frontal
• Transverse

Question 2

Osteokinematics

Answer 2

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Question 3

Arthrokinematics

Answer 3

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Question 4

Flexion

Answer 4

SAGITTAL PLANE (UP)
- A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Question 5

Extension

Answer 5

SAGITTAL PLANE (DOWN)
- A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Question 6

Hyperextension

Answer 6

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Question 7

Dorsiflexion

Answer 7

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

Question 8

Plantar flexion

Answer 8

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

Question 9

Sagittal Plane

Answer 9

Imaginary line that bisects the body into the left and right side. Movements in this plane include flexion and extension. Occurs are the medial and lateralaxis

THINK of you having a wall to the left and right of you - you can only move up and down so exercises are primarily up and down movements

*Some exercises: bicep curls, tricep extension, squats, calf raises, front lunges

Question 10

Frontal Plane

Answer 10

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions. Occurs around the anterior (front) and posterior (back) axis

THINK of you having a wall in front and behind you - you can only move side to side so exercises are primarily side to side movements

• Some exercises: adduction (in) and abduction (out)

Question 11

Abduction

Answer 11

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Question 12

Adduction

Answer 12

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body. (When you add you put numbers together - in)

Question 13

Lateral flexion

Answer 13

Bending of the spine from side to side.

Question 14

Eversion

Answer 14

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

Question 15

Inversion

Answer 15

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

Question 16

Transverse Plane

Answer 16

• Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves
• Transverse plane motion occurs around a longitudinal or vertical axis.

*Exercises include internal and external rotations –> dumbbell chest fly, cable trunk rotation

Question 17

Internal Rotation

Answer 17

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.

Question 18

External Rotation

Answer 18

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.

Question 19

Horizontal abduction

Answer 19

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Question 20

Horizontal adduction

Answer 20

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Question 21

Radioulnar pronation (p goes first) - up

Answer 21

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

Question 22

Radioulnar supination (s goes last) - down

Answer 22

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.

Question 23

Pronation of the foot

Answer 23

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.

Question 24

Supination of the foot (super force)

Answer 24

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.

Question 25

Gait

Answer 25

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.

Question 26

Scapular retraction

Answer 26

occurs when the shoulder blades come closer together.

Question 27

Scapular protraction

Answer 27

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Question 28

Scapular Depression

Answer 28

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

shrugging down

Question 29

Scapular Elevation

Answer 29

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

shrugging up

Question 30

Elasticity

Answer 30

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.

Question 31

Ligament

Answer 31

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Question 32

Flexibility

Answer 32

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.

Question 33

Hypermobility

Answer 33

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.

Question 34

Hypomobility

Answer 34

When range of motion at a joint is limited.