Chapter 7 Key Terms Flashcards
A massive schism within Christianity, beginning in 1517 with Martin Luther’s challenge to church authority and endorsement of salvation by faith alone.
Protestant reformation
A German priest who issued the Ninety-Five Theses and began the Protestant Reformation by publicly criticizing the Catholic Church’s theology and practices.
Martin Luther
Catholic-Protestant struggle (1618-1648) that was the culmination of European religious conflict, ending with the Peace of Westphalia, which established state sovereignty.
Thirty-Years War
The internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century in response to the Protestant Reformation, clarifying doctrine, correcting corruption, and emphasizing education and accountability.
Counter Reformation
A religious revival movement in central Peru (1560s) where indigenous members rejected Christianity and sought to restore the traditional Andean gods.
Taki Onqoy
A series of Jesuit missionaries (1550-1880) who, inspired by Matteo Ricci, sought to understand and integrate into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite.
Jesuits In China
A major Islamic movement (1703-1792) led by theologian Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, advocating for a return to an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law.
Wahhabi Islam
An influential Ming thinker (1472-1529) who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life through introspection and contemplation without extensive Confucian education.
Wang Yangming
Chinese intellectual movement that emphasized research based on evidence and analysis, criticizing traditional Confucian teachings and focusing on empirical methods.
Kaozheng
A novel by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family connected to the court, regarded as the most famous popular novel of mid-18th century China.
Dream Of The Red Chamber
A 16th-century Indian poet and devotee of Krishna who challenged social norms through her bhakti poetry.
Mirabai
A religious tradition founded in northern India by Guru Nanak that blends elements of Hinduism and Islam, emphasizing equality and devotion.
Sikhism
A period of intellectual and cultural transformation (mid-16th to early 18th century) in Europe that redefined the understanding of the material world through science.
Scientific Revolution
A Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in 1543, sparking the Scientific Revolution.
Copernicus
An Italian scientist who improved the telescope in 1609 and made key astronomical observations, advancing the heliocentric model.
Galileo
An English scientist whose laws of motion and mechanics were the foundation of modern physics and the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.
Newton
An 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized reason, inquiry, and the application of scientific principles to human affairs.
European Enlightenment
The pen name of François-Marie Arouet, an Enlightenment writer known for his advocacy of deism and criticism of traditional religious beliefs.
Voltaire
A French philosopher who argued that society was progressing toward near-infinite improvement through human reason.
Condorcet
