chapter 7: globalization and health Flashcards
the process by which countries, people, and corporations are brought into closer contact with one another (easily travel and exchange ideas, money, and resources)
globalization
the process by which the entire planet is experienced and conceptualized as a single social space
globality
a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer, it includes different activities, people, entities, information, and resources
supply chain
globalization was first introduced as a term that
describes companies who were moving beyond regional, national, and international borders for conducting business, it encourages each country to specialize in what it produces best using the least amount of resources, known as comparative advantage
an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences that focuses on the interrelationship between political and economic systems
global political economy
when did global political economy emerge
first studies in the 1700s as a means to understand the interdependent relationship between politics and economy (determining how the state and the market are intertwined at any given time)
a theory of political economy derived from liberalism, emphasized capitalism, individual health, and private property. markets are inherently good, self regulating, and necessary. government interventions, such as taxes or redistributive processes for wealth, are not encouraged
neoliberalism
an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control
free market
an economic system characterized by private ownership in which the free market alone controls the production of goods and services
capitalism
the belief that countries will prosper by participating in the world economy and allowing global economics to influence domestic economies (buy and sell without any external interference)
free market capitalism
what are the cons of free market capitalism
- frequently disadvantages poorer countries by creating more poverty and inequality
- many countries participate under unfavourable conditions
- the need for global corporations to realize a profit often comes at the expense of the most vulnerable
the PMPRB
protects and informs Canadians by ensuring that the prices of patented medicines sold in Canada are not excessive and by reporting pharmaceutical trends (a regulator)
everyone should have access to the health services they need, when and where they need them, without suffering financial hardship
the right to health
5 points of the right to health
- the right to health is an inclusive right (safe water, food, shelter, healthy environmental conditions, education, gender equality)
- the right to health contains freedoms (free from non-consensual medical treatment)
- the right to health contains entitlements, which includes the right to prevention, treatment and control of diseases, access to essential medicines, maternal child and reproductive health, and equal and timely access to basic health services
- health services, goods and facilities must be provided to all without any discrimination
- all services, goods and facilities must be available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality
emphasizes that health is a basic human right for all people around the globe and believes that violates of this right demand a global response
global humanitarianism
humanitarian crises can be grouped under what three groups
- natural disasters (geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological, biological
- man-made emergencies (armed conflicts, plane and train crashes, fires and industrial accidents)
- complex emergencies (a combination of natural and man-made elements like food insecurity, displaced populations)
WHO identified what three key factors related to aid
- displacement (people who have been forced from their homes)
- chronic food insecurity (insecure or inadequate access to food because of financial constraints)
- malnutrition (deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization
international groups providing aid examples
- international committee of red cross
- doctors without borders (MSF)
- world vision
- united nations international children’s emergency fund (UNICEF)
Theodore Levitt
credited for the use of the term “globalization”, in 1983, he identified that many corporations were moving beyond conventional regional, national, and even multinational boundaries that regulate economic activity (single global market for the buying and selling of goods and services)
what does globalization mean from a critical social science perspective
series of related complex and dynamic processes
Roland Robertson
popularized the term globalization
“flow of people”, the geographic flow of groups such as tourists, immigrants, and refugees
ethnoscapes
“flow of ideas through technology”, the flow of good and ideas through modes of communication and other technologies of transportation
technoscapes
“flow of media/images”, the flow of increasing number of images around the globe through media
mediascapes
“flow of ideas”, ideas, terms, and images constructed locally and spread globally
ideoscapes
the unpredictable and fluid of the “flow of commodities and economic exchange”
financescapes
Joseph Stiglitz
described the process of globalization as neither good nor bad, but rather a consequences of these global flows that are beneficial or detrimental
what are the positive sides of globalization
we become more aware of issues in different parts of the world and understand how issues that affect us related or affect the rest of the world
cons of globalization
creates economic inequalities with small groups controlling most of the wealth and power
individuals that Freeland referred to as the new global super rich
plutocrats
what are the three key dimensions of globalization
- political and economic flows of globalization
- emergence of an international and global ethic of responsibility in responding to epidemics and other health crises
- global cultural politics in which the meaning of health and illness shifts in response to global flows of knowledge and informations
the relationship between an interdependent government system and economy. look into the relationship between the state and the market at a given moment in time
political economy
what does it mean to take a political economic perspective
means assessing how the state and the market are intertwined at any specific historical moment
unregulated global marketplace
came around during the 2008 financial crisis where corporations could do business almost anywhere with anyone while being independent of most regulations set by government or international organizations
critiques of unregulated global marketpalce
- questioned the distributive efficiency of markets (could it provide means necessary for people to live healthy and dignified lives)
- markets had become detached from moral values
- giving legal personhood to corporations, the rights of corporations have been elevated beyond the rights of real human beings
intellectual property rights leads to what
high prices for medicine, thus prohibiting poor people rom buying advanced medicine
the international committee of the red cross (ICRC)
- one of the first humanitarian organizations
- been providing aid for 150 years
- initially formed to help victims of war
- most recognizable symbol of humanitarian relief
ethical challenges encountered by health care professionals in humanitarian aid work
- scarcity of resources and the need to allocate them
- historical, political, social, and commercial structures
- aid agency policies and agendas
- perceived norms around health professionals’ roles and interactions
psychiatric service dogs
highly trained canines that are used as a treatment for mental illness such as PTSD (as an alternative to conventional biomedical treatments)
an updated version of One Medicine, stresses the important of maintaining the health of all species and our overall ecosystem in an increasingly globalized society
One Health
zoonosis
coined by Rudolf Virchow in late 1880s, identified zoonotic diseases (also known as zoonoses) are caused by germs, such as viruses,
bacteria, parasites and fungi, that spread between animals and people
an attempt to unite human and veterinary medicine as a result of the acknowledgement that humans and animals are interrelated
One Medicine
Calvin Schwabe
a veterinarian began a campaign in late 1960s, to reintroduce the concept of One Medicine to remind the important connection between the health and illness of animals and that of humans
