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HLTA02 > chapter 11: the re-emergence of other healing paradigms > Flashcards

chapter 11: the re-emergence of other healing paradigms Flashcards

1
Q

biomedical model

A

illness is the result of a biological or physiological problem

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2
Q

behavioural model

A

illness is the result of poor choices made by individuals

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3
Q

socio-environmental model

A

encourages the examination of social and environmental factors that impact individuals

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4
Q

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

A

refers to a group of diverse healing approaches, many with origins in ancient healing systems and indigenous cultures (practices that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine)

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5
Q

Holism

A
  • treating the individual within a systems framework
  • guiding principle for most CAM
  • implies that a person must be considered in their totality (greater than the sum of individual parts)
  • to achieve balance and harmony between the individual and the broader environment
  • attention to underlying causes
  • to facilitate the body’s own healing response
  • opposite of reductionism
    “treat individual, not the disease”
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6
Q

therapeutic relationships

A
  • healing through connection
  • holistic approach assumes that the relationship between the practitioner and client is inherently beneficial and helps in healing
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7
Q

vitalism

A
  • the source of healing
  • the belief that the body is alive and well due to a special energy
  • the concept that the body cannot be fully explained by scientific or mechanical laws
  • vital energy allows for self-regulations and the ability for our mind and body to heal itself
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8
Q

Ayurveda

A
  • originated in India more than 5000 years ago
  • holistic approach
  • incorporates treatments such as yoga, meditation, massage, diet, and herbs
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9
Q

homeopathy

A
  • the belief that the body can cure itself
  • use very small doses of a substance that causes symptoms to stimulate the body’s self-healing response
  • like cures like
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10
Q

naturopathy

A
  • non-invasive treatments to help your body heal itself
  • embraces many therapies
  • combines traditional treatments with some aspects of modern science (naturopathic physician - ND)
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11
Q

osteopathy

A
  • aims to restore the normal function and stability of the joints to help the body heal itself
  • physically manipulate the body’s muscle tissue and bones
  • holistic approach
  • osteopathic physician (DO)
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12
Q

physiotherapy

A

offers rehabilitation to all the major systems of the body, including neurological, respiratory, and cardio-vascular

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13
Q

chiropractic

A

deals primarily with spinal manipulation

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14
Q

history of CAM in Canada

A
  • 1960s to 1990s: CAM is described as holistic, folk, traditional, or alternative
  • 1990s: “alternative” medicine seen as an adjunct to, rather than replacement of, conventional medical care
  • CAM reflects a growing social acceptance of these forms of care
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15
Q

integrative medicine

A

used to describe the health care system as seamless, pluralistic, and egalitarian, incorporating various forms of care
involves a collaborative team approach to care (imply conforming to biomedical standards)

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16
Q

medical pluralism

A

using more than one medical system

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17
Q

egalitarian

A

principle that all people are equal

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18
Q

diabetes

A
  • a disease defined by random blood test > 200, three fasting blood tests > 125, and hemoglobin A1C ≥ 6.5
  • first-line medication (metformin) is prescribed if one of the levels list above are reached
  • diet and lifestyle changes are recommended
  • if blood sugar levels are not controlled, second-line medication starts
  • if not successful, other medications like insulin are used
  • cinnamon or traditional remedies such as apply cider vinegar have been used to help with insulin resistance
  • recommend taking vitamins B, magnesium, and vitamin D
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19
Q

chronic pain

A
  • complex
  • treatments are prescribed based on the strength of evidence for the efficacy of the approved treatment
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20
Q

conformity

A

requires that accepted therapies be scientifically proven, primarily through randomized controlled trials (clinical trials)
little evidence supports true integration of traditional biomedical practice and CAM

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21
Q

evidence-based medicine (EBM)

A
  • applied the scientific method to medical practice, and aims for the ideal that healthcare professionals should make conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evident
  • requires that only therapies tested by scientific methods
  • only therapies that demonstrate scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness are deemed “evidence based”
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22
Q

randomized controlled trial (clinical trial)

A

participants receive specific interventions (medical products, procedure, or behaviour changes) according to the research plan by the investigators (control group and experimental group)

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23
Q

the placebo effect

A

a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment due to the individual’s belief in the treatment

24
Q

regulation of CAM

A

Health Canada and U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) are federal government departments responsible for the safety of food, health and pharmaceutical products

25
Q

what are the challenges of conducting clinical trials of CAM

A
  • use of multiple-modality complex intervention rather than a single intervention
  • too focused on the symptoms of the disease rather than on the main biological problem
  • gathering, randomizing and retaining enough patients with strong opinions favouring or rejecting CAM
  • availability of standardized herbal preparations
26
Q

What is CAM used for

A
  • to prevent illness, maintain health and well-being, and treat chronic illnesses
  • CAM use ranges from 30% to 75% of population in industrialized countries (most often used for back/neck pain or problem, head or chest colds, joint pain or stiffness, anxiety or depression)
  • other common CAM therapies include: prayer for one’s own health, prayer by others for one’s own health, natural products, deep-breathing exercises, participation in a prayer group, meditation, chiropractic care, yoga, massage, diet-based therapies
  • patient out-of-pocket spending for CAM increasing
  • typically are women, older adults, those with higher education, and those suffering from chronic illnesses or conditions
27
Q

push factors

A

factors motivating a person to move away from conventional medicine

28
Q

pull factors

A

factors attracting a person to CAM

29
Q

push factors toward CAM

A
  • dissatisfied with conventional medicine
  • unhappy with physician-patient relationship
  • rejection of scientific authority
  • consumerist attitude
  • push towards personal responsibility
30
Q

pull factors toward CAM

A
  • treatments compatible with patient world views
  • align with personal health beliefs
  • being committed to a proactive approach to health
  • taking a holistic view of health
  • value unconventional, spiritual approaches
  • compassionate alternative to techno-science
31
Q

medical dominance of allopathic pratice

A
  • in early 20th century, legislative acts restricted the practice of non-allopathic (CAM) health care providers, CAM fell victim to the medical dominance that gave allopathic practitioners power and control over health care
  • medical dominance was achieved through standardization of medical school and expertise in scientific knowledge
  • CAM healing practitioners resisted the dominance while working to gain professional status and recognition
32
Q

the definition of CAM provided by the US National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)

A

a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. Self-defined by users as preventing or treating illness or promoting well-being

33
Q

integrative medicine

A

aims to work toward a form of health care that combines CAM and biomedicine

34
Q

alternative health care system

A

complete systems of theory and practice including homeopathy, naturopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, and Ayurveda

35
Q

what are the four categories NCCAM categorized CAM therapies based on the type of therapeutic intervention

A
  • mind-body medicine
  • biologically based therapies
  • manipulation and body-based therapies
  • energy therapies
36
Q

mind-body medicine

A

patient support groups, meditation, prayer, spiritual healing, therapies that use creative outlets such as art, music, or dance

37
Q

biologically based therapies

A

include the use of herbs, foods, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements

38
Q

manipulation and body-based methods

A

chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, and massage

39
Q

energy therapies

A

the use and manipulation of energy fields

40
Q

what are the four categories of Tataryn’s typology based on the underlying philosophical similarities

A
  • the body paradigm
  • mind-body therapies
  • body-energy therapies
  • body-spirit therapies
41
Q

the body paradigm

A

works through biological mechanisms

42
Q

mind-body therapies

A

assumes that stress, psychological coping styles, and social supports primarily determine health and disease

43
Q

body-energy therapies

A

asserts that health and disease are functions of the flow and balance of life energies

44
Q

body-spirit therapies

A

presumes that forces beyond the material universe influence health and disease

45
Q

subtle energy / bio-field energy

A

coined by CAM researchers that refer to the “life force energy” mentioned in vitalism

46
Q

pluralistic

A

society accepted a wide variety of healing methods as being potentially beneficial (prior to 1900s)

47
Q

medical dominance

A

introduced by Freidsen, refers to the power that the medical profession has over the health care system

48
Q

professionalization

A

the process through which practitioners adhere to a set of legal requirements to create a uniformly regulated standard of quality, allows professions to assert their legitimacy and competence amid other vocations

49
Q

holistic movement

A

encompasses various alternative medical systems and therapies, embraces “parapsychology, folk medicine, herbalism, nutritional therapies, homeopathy, yoga, massage, meditation, and the martial arts)

50
Q

The New Age movement

A

part of the 1960s counterculture and has been termed an “American phenomenon”
revolves around the idea of a new planetary culture, claims that this comes about through the attainment of inner peace, wellness, unity, self-actualization, and the attainment of a higher level consciousness
emerged on the West Cost of the Us and Canada

51
Q

emphasizes spirituality, self care, and personal transformation, it questions institutional authority while focusing on individual responsibility

A

New Age healing

52
Q

giving the false, unfounded impression of using a scientific method or rationale

A

quackery

53
Q

prevalence of CAM in industrialized countries

A

varies between 30 to 50 percent, and the public responses positively to CAM

54
Q

rejects concepts of rationality, objectivity, and universal truth. Instead, it emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives
it is also described as an era in which consumption is pervasive and collective meaning is replaced by individualism

A

postmodernism

55
Q

calls for attempts to control one’s life as well as to cope with it

A

suffering

56
Q

why do people find CAM enpowering

A

they receive recognition for their life concerns and validation for their experiences and values

HLTA02 (7 decks)

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