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BIO-457 > Chapter 7 - Genetic Transfer and Mapping in Bacteria > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Genetic Transfer and Mapping in Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria reproduce by

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

Crosses are not used in bacterial genetic analysis - instead, researchers use…

A

Genetic transfer

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3
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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4
Q

When a segment of bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Genetic transfer

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5
Q

Genetic transfer increases…

A

Genetic diversity

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6
Q

Three methods of genetic transfer

A

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

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7
Q

Involves direct physical contact

A

Conjugation

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8
Q

Involved bacteriophages

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Involves uptake from the environment

A

Transformation

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10
Q

When a donor and a recipient cell make contact and a strand of DNA is transferred

A

Conjugation

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11
Q

When a bacteriophage infects a donor cell and incorporates a fragment of chromosomal DNA into a new phase particle which incorporates DNA through recombination

A

Transduction

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12
Q

When a bacterial cell dies and releases a fragment of DNA into the environment to be taken up by a neighboring cell and incorporated through recombination

A

Transformation

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13
Q

Who discovered genetic transfer in bacteria

A

Lederberg and Tatum

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14
Q

Type of organism that cannot synthesize a particular nutrient and need it in their growth medium

A

Auxotrophs

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15
Q

Type of organism that makes all its nutrients from components in the growth medium

A

Prototrophs

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16
Q

Who showed that bacterial strains must make physical contact for transfer of genetic material to occur

A

Bernard Davis

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17
Q

What is an F factor

A

Fertility factor

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18
Q

Can all cells act as donor cells?

A

No

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19
Q

Strains containing an F factor

A

F+

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20
Q

Strains not containing an F factor

A

F-

21
Q

What initiates conjugation?

A

Contact

22
Q

What mediates contact between donor and recipient cells?

A

Sex pili or F pili

23
Q

What happens after initial contact is made?

A

Pili shorten, cells get closer, and a conjugation bridge is formed

24
Q

What recognizes that origin of transfer and makes a cut in the DNA

A

Relaxosome

25
Q

After cutting, the relaxosome releases its accessory proteins except for…

A

Relaxase

26
Q

When conjugation occurs, the recipient cell acquires…

A

F factor

27
Q

What is extra-chromosomal DNA?

A

Plasmid

28
Q

Type of plasmid that allows conjugation

A

Fertility plasmid

29
Q

Type of plasmid known as R factors that contains genes conferring resistance to antibiotics

A

Resistance plasmids

30
Q

Type of plasmid that carries genes allowing digestion of unusual substances

A

Degradative plasmids

31
Q

Type of plasmid that contains genes to kill other bacteria

A

Col-plasmids

32
Q

Type of plasmid that carries genes to turn bacterium into pathogenic strains

A

Virulence plasmids

33
Q

Who discovered high frequency recombination strains?

A

Luca Cavalli-Sforza

34
Q

When F factors are excised imprecisely, they are called…

A

F’ factors

35
Q

Who demonstrated that conjugation between Hfr and an F- strain involves the transfer of a portion of the Hfr bacterial chromosome?

A

William Hayes

36
Q

What determines the starting point and direction of the transfer process?

A

The origin of transfer of the integrated F factor

37
Q

Who developed the interrupted conjugation technique?

A

Elie Wollman

38
Q

What is the rationale behind the mapping strategy?

A

The time it takes genes to enter the recipient cell is directly related to their order along the bacterial chromosome

39
Q

The order of genes along the chromosome can be deduced by determining…

A

The time various genes take to enter the recipient cell

40
Q

The distance between genes is determined by comparing…

A

The times of entry during an interrupted conjugation experiment

41
Q

During transduction, two different cycles are possible:

A

Lytic or lysogenic

42
Q

Who discovered transformation?

A

Frederick Griffith

43
Q

What are the two types of transformation?

A

Natural and artificial

44
Q

Bacterial cells that are able to take up DNA

A

Competent cells

45
Q

Genes that encode proteins

A

Competence factors

46
Q

If the transformed DNA is homologous to a region in the bacterial chromosome, it can be incorporated by…

A

Homologous recombination

47
Q

The process in which an organism receives genes from another organism without being a direct offspring

A

Horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction are examples)

48
Q

Horizontal gene transfer has dramatically contributed to…

A

Acquired antibiotic resistance

BIO-457 (7 decks)

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