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BIO-457 > Chapter 13 - Translation of mRNA > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Translation of mRNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA codons into amino acids to make proteins

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2
Q

Important cellular components

A

Proteins, RNAs, and small molecules

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3
Q

What are the active participants in cell structure and function?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Genes that encode polypeptides

A

Protein-encoding or structural genes

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5
Q

Disease characterized by black urine and blue/black discoloration of tissues

A

Alkaptonuria

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6
Q

First person to propose relationship between genes and protein production

A

Archibald Garrod

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7
Q

First person to propose relationship between genes and protein production

A

Archibald Garrod

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8
Q

Who proposed one gene - one enzyme versus one gene - many enzymes

A

Beadle and Tatum

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9
Q

A single gene controls the synthesis of a single enzyme

A

One gene - one enzyme hypothesis

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10
Q

Term that denotes structure

A

Polypeptide

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11
Q

Term that denotes function

A

Protein

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12
Q

Genes that do not encode polypeptides

A

Functional RNA molecules

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13
Q

Translation relies on…

A

The genetic code

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14
Q

Three nucleotide group of mRNA

A

Codon

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15
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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16
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

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17
Q

When more than one codon can specify the same amino acid

A

Degenerate code

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18
Q

Direction of polypeptide synthesis

A

5’ to 3’ parallel to mRNA

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19
Q

Where do peptide bonds form during elongation

A

Between carboxyl and amino groups

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20
Q

Four levels of structure in proteins

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence

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22
Q

Secondary structure

A

folding into alpha helix and beta sheet

23
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D folding of a short region

24
Q

Quaternary structure

A

When multiple polypeptides form a functional protein

25
Q

Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions within a cell

A

Enzymes

26
Q

Nirenberg experiments

A

Factors required for translation

27
Q

Khorana experiments

A

RNA synthesis

28
Q

Francis Crick experiments

A

Adaptor hypothesis

29
Q

tRNA plays a direct role in the recognition of codons in mRNA - identifies the codon and delivers the proper amino acid

A

Adaptor hypothesis

30
Q

Structure found in all tRNAs

A

3’ ACC acceptor stem

31
Q

Enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs - result in charged tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

32
Q

Error rate of amino acids from tRNA

A

Less than 1 in 10,000

33
Q

The codon-anticodon recognition process remains strict for the first two bases - the third can tolerate certain mismatches

A

Wobble hypothesis

34
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Surface of the ribosome

35
Q

Where are ribosomes in bacteria

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

Where are ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

One type in the cytoplasm, one type in the organelles

37
Q

Ribosomes are formed of subunits containing…

A

Proteins and rRNA

38
Q

Sedimentation coefficients in bacteria

A

30S, 50S, 70S

39
Q

Sedimentation coefficients in eukaryotes

A

40S, 60S, 80S

40
Q

Ribosome sites

A

P site, A site, E site

41
Q

P Site

A

Peptidyl site

42
Q

A Site

A

Aminoacyl site

43
Q

E Site

A

Exit site

44
Q

Three stages of translation

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

45
Q

How does mRNA bind to the 30S subunit

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence and hydrogen bonds

46
Q

Bacterial initiation complex

A

mRNA, initiator tRNA, and ribosomal subunits

47
Q

Eukaryotic initiation complex

A

mRNA, initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, additional initiation factors

48
Q

Eukaryotic translation initiation process

A

initiation factor binds to 5’ mRNA, joined by 40S subunit, tRNA(met) and assembly moves along mRNA looking for start codon

49
Q

After peptide bond formation

A

tRNAs at P and A sites move to E and P sites

50
Q

What recognizes stop codon

A

Release factor

51
Q

In bacteria, can translation occur before transcription is finished?

A

Yes

52
Q

In eukaryotes, can translation occur before transcription is finished?

A

No

53
Q

Coupling

A

Translation begins before transcription ends

54
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Translation process differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes allow translation in one to be inhibited without affecting the other

BIO-457 (7 decks)

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