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BIO-457 > Chapter 12 - Transcription and RNA Modification > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Transcription and RNA Modification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first step in gene expression?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

Copying DNA into RNA

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3
Q

Protein encoding genes

A

Encode the amino acid sequence

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4
Q

Transcription produces…

A

mRNA

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5
Q

Making DNA copies transmitted from cell to cell is…

A

DNA replication

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6
Q

Stores information in genes

A

Chromosomal DNA

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7
Q

Temporary copy of a gene that contains information for making a polypeptide

A

Messenger RNA

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8
Q

Production of a polypeptide using mRNA

A

Translation

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9
Q

Process by which information in a gene is used to produce a functional product

A

Gene expression

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10
Q

Site for regulatory protein binding to influence rate of transcription

A

Regulatory sequences

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11
Q

Site for RNA polymerase binding to begin transcription

A

Promoter

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12
Q

Signals end of transcription

A

Terminator

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13
Q

Site for ribosome binding in bacteria nearing the start of translation

A

Ribosome-binding site

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14
Q

3 nucleotide sequence within mRNA that codes for a certain amino acid

A

Codon

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15
Q

Specifies first amino acid in a polypeptide sequence

A

Start codon

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16
Q

Specifies the end of polypeptide synthesis

A

Stop codon

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17
Q

DNA strand that is actually transcribed

A

Template strand

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18
Q

The opposite, non transcribed DNA strand

A

Coding strand / sense strand

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19
Q

Recognize the promoter and regulatory sequences to control transcription

A

Transcription factors

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20
Q

Three stages of transcription

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

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21
Q

Promoter is recognition site for TFs, which enable binding of RNA polymerase

A

Initiation

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22
Q

RNA polymerase slides along DNA in open complex to synthesize RNA

A

Elongation

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23
Q

Reaches a terminator that causes RNA polymerase and RNA transcript to dissociate from the DNA

A

Termination

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24
Q

Sequences at which promoters vary

A

-35 and -10

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25
Q

Most common promoter sequence likely to result in a high level of transcription

A

Consensus sequence

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26
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis

A

RNA polymerase

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27
Q

Binds loosely to DNA and scans until promoter recognition

A

RNA polymerase holoenzyme

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28
Q

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter forms…

A

Closed complex

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29
Q

Formed when the TATAAT box in the -10 sequence is unwound

A

Open complex

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30
Q

Rate of RNA synthesis

A

43 nucleotides per second

31
Q

Direction of RNA polymerase movement

A

3’ to 5’

32
Q

Direction of RNA synthesis

A

5’ to 3’

33
Q

Requires the presence of a rho protein

A

rho-dependent termination

34
Q

Does not require the presence of a rho protein

A

rho-independent termination

35
Q

Transcribes al rRNA genes except for 5S rRNA

A

RNA pol I

36
Q

Transcribes all mRNAs and some snRNA

A

RNA pol II

37
Q

Transcribes all tRNA, 5S rRNA, and microRNA genes

A

RNA pol III

38
Q

Consists of the TATA box and transcriptional start site

A

Core promoter

39
Q

Low levels of transcription produced by the core promoter

A

Basal transcription

40
Q

Stimulate transcription

A

Enhancers

41
Q

Inhibit transcription

A

Silencers

42
Q

DNA sequences that exert their effect only over a particular gene

A

cis-actin elements

43
Q

Regulatory proteins that bind to such DNA sequences

A

Trans-acting factors

44
Q

Basal transcription apparatus

A

RNA pol II, five GTFs, and a mediator

45
Q

Composed of TATA binding protein and alther TBP associated factors

A

TFIID

46
Q

Binds to TFIID and enables RNA pol II to bind to the core promoter

A

TFIIB

47
Q

Binds to RNA pol II and helps its ability to bind to TFIIB and the core promoter

A

TFIIF

48
Q

Plays a role in the formation or maintenance of the open complex

A

TFIIE

49
Q

A multi-subunit protein that has multiple roles - acts as helicase to form open complex, phosphorylate the carboxyl terminal domain

A

TFIIH

50
Q

Multi-subunit complex that mediates the effects of regulator transcription factors on the function of RNA pol II

A

Mediator

51
Q

Sequence of DNA in the coding strand corresponds to the sequence of mRNA which provides instructions for the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

A

Colinearity of gene expression

52
Q

Coding sequence

A

Exon

53
Q

Intervening sequence

A

Intron

54
Q

When introns are removed and exons are connected together

A

RNA splicing

55
Q

Larger RNA transcripts are cleaved into smaller functional pieces:

A

rRNAs and tRNAs

56
Q

Cleave a covalent bond between two nucleotides at one end of a strand

A

Exonucleases

57
Q

Cleave bonds within a strand

A

Endonucleases

58
Q

Found in rRNA genes within the nuclei of simple eukaryotes

A

Group I intron splicing

59
Q

Found in a few protein-encoding, tRNA and rRNA genes within mitochondrial DNA

A

Group II intron splicing

60
Q

Very commonly found in protein-encoding genes within nuclei of eukaryotic cells

A

Spliceosome

61
Q

Splicing that does not require the aid of enzymes as the RNA functions as its own ribozyme

A

Self-splicing

62
Q

Proteins that enhance the rate of splicing

A

Maturases

63
Q

The long transcript produced by the transcription of protein-encoding genes in eukaryotes

A

pre-mRNA

64
Q

Multicomponent structure composed of several snRNPs

A

Spliceosome

65
Q

Catalyze chemical reactions to remove introns and covalently link exons

A

Spliceosome

66
Q

When a pre-mRNA with multiple introns can be spliced in different ways so two or more polypeptides can be derived from a single gene

A

Alternative splicing

67
Q

Always found in the mature mRNA from all cell types

A

Constitutive exons

68
Q

Prevent splicing

A

Splicing repressor

69
Q

Facilitate splicing

A

Splicing enhancer

70
Q

Covalent attachment of a 7-methyl-guanosine at the 5’ end

A

Capping

71
Q

Role of the 5’ cap:

A

movement of RNAs out of nucleus, early translation, intron splicing

72
Q

String of adenine nucleotides at the 3’ end

A

polyA tail

73
Q

Change in the sequence of an RNA molecule after it is synthesized

A

RNA editing

BIO-457 (7 decks)

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