Chapter 7 - Eukaryotes

Question 1

cell types

Answer 1

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Question 2

domains

Answer 2

Bacteria (prokaryotic cells)
Archaea (prokaryotic cells)
Eukarya (Eukaryotic cells)

Question 3

kingdoms

Answer 3

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protist

Question 4

Non-cellular

Answer 4

Virus
Viroid (nucleic acid no protein coating
Prions (proteins without nucleic acid)

Question 5

Why do we need to know the structural differences between these two types of cells?

Answer 5

So we can take advantage of these differences to control disease-causing bacteria

Question 6

Why do we need to know the structural similarities between these two types of cells?

Answer 6

prevent causing harm to the human host

Question 7

characteristics that are found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 7

Both contain DNA
Both follow the central dogma, DNA-RNA-PROTEIN
Both are surrounded by cell membrane, which defines the boundaries of the living cell
Both need energy to survive and reproduce

Question 8

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

Prokaryotic cells have their dna in a nuclear region (not nucleus) and generally lack organelles
Eukaryotic cells have their dna in a nucleus surrounded by a membranous nuclear envelope and have organelles

Question 9

Limiting structures

Answer 9

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

Question 10

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

Answer 10

fluid mosaic structure with phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. (proteins and carbohydrate chains stick out, with protein channels embedded)

Question 11

Internal structures

Answer 11

Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Membranous Networks: (Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi), Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes, Vacuoles,
Vesicles, Cytoskeleton

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

semifluid substance (mostly water), smaller proportion (ratio of volume) in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes due to nucleus and organelles)

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

distinct organelle enclosed by nuclear envelope, double layer membrane, contains pores for transportation. Contains nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromosomes, dna

Question 14

Nucleoplasm

Answer 14

semifluid portion of nucleus

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

contains significant amount of RNA, place where ribosomes are assembled

Question 16

Chromosomes

Answer 16

dna and histones

Question 17

Ribosomes

Answer 17

provide sites for protein synthesis. 60% RNA and 40% protein. Sedimentation rate of 80S, subunit 60S, subunit 40S. Sedimentation: lyse bacteria open and then centrifuge it

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

powerhouse of the cell. Numerous in some cells. 20% of the volume of the cell. Divides itself inside of our cells, decreases in mitochondria means less energy, as you age the number of mitochondria decreases. contain DNA, can replicate independently, support theory of endosymbiosis

Question 19

Chloroplast

Answer 19

carry out photosynthesis, only plants have these, contain DNA, can replicate independently, support theory of endosymbiosis

Question 20

Membranous networks

Answer 20

Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi

Question 21

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

extensive system of membranes, can be smooth or tough

Question 22

Smooth

Answer 22

enzymes that synthesize lipids

Question 23

Rough

Answer 23

ribosomes bound to its surface

Question 24

Golgi

Answer 24

receives substances transported from the ER, stores substances, alters chemical structure, packages substances into secretory vesicles

Question 25

Lysosomes

Answer 25

small organelles made by golgi, contain digestive enzymes, fuse with vacuoles that contains food

Question 26

Peroxisomes

Answer 26

small organelles filled with enzymes. Convert hydrogen peroxide to water: in plants they oxidize fats, and in animals they oxidize amino acids

Question 27

Vacuoles

Answer 27

storage for materials such as starch, glycogen, or fat to be used later for energy. Lysosomes help digest the materials found in it. Plant vacuoles also help with the rigidity of the cell. Plants have central vacuole that holds water, and is empty when plants aren’t watered

Question 28

Vesicles

Answer 28

help with the processes of secretion of proteins. Uptake nutrients, transport materials within the cell

Question 29

Cytoskeleton

Answer 29

provides support, rigidity, and shape. Network of protein fibers made of microtubules (hollow) and microfilaments

Question 30

External structures

Answer 30

Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopods, Cell wall

Question 31

Flagella

Answer 31

consist of 2 central microtubules and 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules (9+2 arrangement) flagella moves like a whip. Only sperm in humans have this

Question 32

Cilia

Answer 32

shorter and more numerous than flagella, beat in a coordinated wave pattern, can propel fluids, mucus, etc

Question 33

Pseudopods

Answer 33

false feet, temporary projection, amoebas, some white cells

Question 34

Cell wall

Answer 34

outside cell membrane, provides rigidity, protection from bursting. In plants: consist mainly of cellulose. In fungi: consist of chitin, cellulose

Question 35

What organelles support the endosymbiosis theory and why?

Answer 35

Chloroplasts and mitochondria because they both have their own dna and replicate on their own, but the cell provides them with the nutrients able to survive, and their own functions help the cell as a whole survive.