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Medical Microbiology 209 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How are newborns colonized

A

born with coating of microbes, and when they are breastfed they also receive microbes (this coating is absent in c sections, but babies catch up within 6 months)

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2
Q

microbe free areas (part 1)

A

Body fluids:
- Blood
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Saliva prior to secretion
- Urine in kidneys and in bladder

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3
Q

microbe free areas (part 2)

A

Internal tissues and organs:
- Middle and inner ear
- Sinuses
- Internal eye
- Bone marrow
- Muscles
- Glands
- Organs
- Circulatory system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Ovaries and testes

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4
Q

areas colonized by microbes

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Skin
  • Intestines
  • Scalp
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5
Q

two types microflora

A

resident and transient

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6
Q

resident microflora

A

Microbes that are always present on or in the human body

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7
Q

transient microflora

A

Microbes that can present under certain conditions in any location where resident microflora are found

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8
Q

symbiosis

A

Association between two (or more) species living together – includes mutualisms, commensalisms, and parasitism

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9
Q

Mutualism

A

Both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship
ex: bees getting food from flowers and flowers being pollinated to reproduce

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10
Q

parasitism

A

One organism, the parasite, benefits from the relation, whereas the other organisms, the host, is harmed by it
ex: fleas

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11
Q

Commensalism

A

Two species live together in a relationship such that one benefits and the other one neither benefits nor is harm
ex: vultures following predators to feed on leftovers

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12
Q

What are the reason why organisms change the type of symbiotic relationship with host and become opportunistic?

A

Conditions for opportunistic organisms
- Failure of the host’s normal defenses
- Individuals with weakened immune defenses
- Malnutrition
- Presence of another disease
- Elderly or very young - Babies without fully developed immune systems may have microbes - that take advantage of this
- Treatment with radiation or immunosuppressive drugs
- Physical and mental stress
Microbes in unusual locations
Microflora disturbances
- Microbial antagonism - Losing good microbes
- Compete with pathogens

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13
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the capacity to produce disease in a host (its pathogenic or not), depends on the organism’s ability to: invade host, multiply in host, and avoid being damaged by the hosts defenses (RAT EXAMPLE)

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14
Q

Virulence

A

intensity of disease varies based on pathogen. Omicron strand of covid was less virulent than the delta strand, because it had weaker symptoms

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15
Q

Attenuation

A

when virulence is decreased, weakening the disease producing ability of the pathogen. This happens when the parasites kill the hosts by mistake

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16
Q

Microbial count

A

a threshold of microbes that we are supposed to have, when this number is exceeded, we get diseases. Shigella only needs 10 organisms to cause dysentery

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17
Q

Endotoxins

A
  • Gram negative (the microbes that make the endotoxins are gram negative)
  • Consist of LPS - lipopolysaccharide molecule
  • Fever
  • Shock
  • Released at cell death (can kill patients when they are all released at once and cause shock)
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18
Q

Exotoxins

A
  • Gram positive and some Gram negative
  • Proteins, usually enzymes
    – Examples: Hemolysins
    – Alpha, Beta, Gamma
    – To release iron
  • Neurotoxins
    – Botulism versus Tetanus toxins
  • Potent effects
    – Including on toxoids
  • Specialized tissue damage (botox is an exotoxin)
  • Secreted
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19
Q

Contamination

A

unwanted organisms are present, beginning step, organisms are just there

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20
Q

Infection

A

multiplication of parasitic organisms within or on the host’s body

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21
Q

Disease

A

A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all is normal functions, Disrupts the normal functioning of the host , Effects range from mild to severe

22
Q

Symptom

A

Characteristic of the disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient (headache)

23
Q

Sign

A

Characteristic of the disease that can be observed by examining the patient (temperature)

24
Q

Syndrome

A

The combination of signs and symptoms that are indicative of a particular disease (IBS)

25
Q

Sequealea

A

after effects of the disease

26
Q

Acute disease

A

Disease in which the symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly (2 weeks for example)

27
Q

Chronic disease

A

Disease in which the symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear (fungal infections)

28
Q

Sub-acute disease

A

Disease with symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic (like bacterial acne)

29
Q

Latent disease

A

Disease in which symptoms appear and/or reappear long after infection (chicken pox into shingles)

30
Q

Local

A

infection confined to a small region on the body (pimple)

31
Q

Focal

A

infection in a confined region but pathogen travels to other regions (larger region, like acne rather than just one pimple)

32
Q

Systemic

A

infection in which the pathogen is spread throughout the body (can go into organs, blood, brain) (aids, sepsis, lyme disease)

33
Q

Septicemia

A

presence and multiplication of pathogens in blood

34
Q

Bacteremia

A

presence but not multiplication of bacteria in blood

35
Q

Viremia

A

presence but not multiplications of pathogens in blood

36
Q

Toxemia

A

presence of toxins in blood

37
Q

Sapremia

A

Presence of metabolic products of saprophytes in blood - Decomposers like fungus that takes advantage of a cell and eats it up

38
Q

Primary infection

A

infection is a previously healthy person

39
Q

Secondary infection

A

infection that follows a primary infection: getting the flu and then pneumonia

40
Q

Superinfection

A

secondary infection that is usually caused by an agent resistant to the treatment for the primary infection (if someone has a uti and receive antibiotics that kill good microbes, leading to fungal infection)

41
Q

Mixed infection

A

infection caused by 2 or more pathogens (pneumonia - can be bacterial and fungal)

42
Q

Inapparent infection

A

infection that fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms

43
Q

communicable

A

Can spread, contagious (flu, covid, monkeypox, ebola)

44
Q

Non communicable

A

can’t spread, caused by person’s normal microflora, poisoning after ingestion of toxins, infections caused by certain organisms found in the environment (cancer, diabetes, food poisoning)

45
Q

Incubation

A

microbe doesn’t give any symptoms, but microbe starts replicating. Can be contagious, but no symptoms (for flu, this stage is 3 days. For og covid, this is 15)

46
Q

Prodromal

A

vague symptoms, you know you’re sick but not with what - still contagious

47
Q

Invasive

A

disease is increasing

48
Q

Acme

A

pinnacle of problem, feeling the worst, a sign that recovery will start soon

49
Q

Decline

A

immune system is working, nothing we need to do to help patient, medication not always necessary

50
Q

Convalescence (sequelae)

A

leftover symptoms for weeks or years. Patient can be contagious depending on disease. Flu is not contagious at this point.
- Pink eye is not contagious during incubation
- Flu starts to not be contagious during decline
- Mono can be contagious 18 months after symptoms pass

51
Q

practice drawing the table

A

disease stage table

Medical Microbiology 209 (10 decks)

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