Chapter 13 and 14

Question 1

From the criteria selection know 3 that would be the most important for your future or current job/life.

Answer 1

Fast acting (busy clinic requires rooms to be cleaned with only minutes or less in between patients)
Wide spectrum (the clinic I work in is general, so each patient is coming in for a completely different reason and bringing in new microbes)
No offensive odor (smells in clinics can cause headaches, in my clinic we already can’t wear perfumes or anything strong smelling)

Question 2

From the attributes selection know 3 that would be the most important for your future or current job/life.

Answer 2

Non allergenic - should not elicit allergic reaction in host
Long shelf life - agent should retain its therapeutic properties over time
Reasonable cost - i work with college students

Question 3

Antimicrobial

Answer 3

agents used to kill existing microbes

Question 4

Prophylactic

Answer 4

treating things before they have happened

Question 5

Sterilization

Answer 5

killing or removal of ALL microorganisms in a material or object

Question 6

Disinfection

Answer 6

reduce number of microbes in hopes of reducing the number of pathogens on objects and in materials (like washing hands) (not 100% like sterilization)

Question 7

Selective toxicity

Answer 7

toxic to microbe not patient

Question 8

Toxic level

Answer 8

can kill or damage patient

Question 9

Therapeutic level

Answer 9

does its job without harming the patient

Question 10

Activity spectrum

Answer 10

range of microbes at which an antimicrobial agent is able to kill

Question 11

Broad spectrum

Answer 11

When the microbe is unknown (Lysol for surfaces, amoxicillin for meds)

Question 12

Why would broad spectrum be more beneficial for an emergency treatment

Answer 12

You don’t know whats harming the patient but you need to stop it

Question 13

Narrow spectrum

Answer 13

When the microbe is known (Like Streptococcus Aureus)

Question 14

Why would narrow spectrum be more beneficial for the general microflora of the patient in a non-emergency situation?

Answer 14

Antibiotic resistance and killing of healthy microbes

Question 15

Toxicity

Answer 15

drug side effect - when drugs have selective toxicity some antimicrobials exert toxic effects on the patient (host) receiving them

Question 16

allergy

Answer 16

drug side effect - a condition in which the body’s immune system overreacts to a foreign substance, usually a protein, cousin itch and rash etc (like penicillin)

Question 17

Microflora disruption

Answer 17

broad spectrum antibiotics, effects pathogens but also indigenous microflora. Superinfection can be occur when this disruption causes other organisms (replacement microflora) that are resistant to the antimicrobial aagent invade the microbiome (yogurt helps! - probiotics that are healthy for gut)

Question 18

Principles for controlling/reducing microbial growth

Answer 18

• Fewer organisms require less time and less concentration to be killed (prophylactic for lyme disease - fewer microbes to kill by the time pt is being treated)
• Every organism reacts different to every chemical
• Consider the time, temperature, pH, that you use the chemical at.
• Concentration
  – General rule
  — Higher concentration: kills cells - bacteriacidal
  — Lower concentration: inhibits growth bacteriostatic (stops from dividing) good for gram negative so the cells don’t lyze and release toxins

Question 19

Exceptions

Answer 19

Alcohol since it requires at least 1% water . 70-99% alcohol still effective (does not need to be 100% and actually needs water to work)

Question 20

Phenol coefficient

Answer 20

all antimicrobials are assigned a phenol coefficient value that it is higher or lower than the phenol value of 1.0 which is the standard. The higher the number the more efficient the chemical is. 100% efficiency in killing stapholococcus aureus. Lysol is rated a 5 on this scale, meaning that it is 5x more effective in killing microbes than phenol at killing stapholoccocus aureus

Question 21

Filter diffusion (Kirby Bauer)

Answer 21

every microbe is allowed to grow while being exposed to an antimicrobial. The zone of inhibition is measured to determine if the microbe is resistant (able to grow) or sensitive (unable to grow) to the antimicrobial. Larger zone of inhibition = sensitive

Question 22

Thermal Death Time

Answer 22

Time required to eliminate ALL of the organisms in sample at a specific temperature. Goal to minimize time

Question 23

Decimal Reduction Time

Answer 23

Time required to eliminate 90% of the organisms in sample at a specific temperature. Like pillow cases and sheets

Question 24

Types of Chemical agents

Answer 24

disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizers, germicide.

Question 25

disinfectants

Answer 25

chemical agents that are typically applied to inanimate objects

Question 26

antiseptics

Answer 26

chemical agents that are typically applied to living tissue

Question 27

sanitizers

Answer 27

a chemical agent typically used for food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers so as to meet public health standards. This may refer to thorough washing with soap and detergent

Question 28

germicide

Answer 28

an agent capable of killing microbes rapidly, some agents effectively kill certain microorganisms but only inhibit the growth of others

Question 29

Classification of the chemical agents

Answer 29

bactericide, bacteriostatic, viricide, sporocide.

Question 30

bactericide

Answer 30

an agent that kills bacteria, most of these agents do not kill spores

Question 31

bacteriostatic

Answer 31

inhibits growth of bacteria

Question 32

viricide

Answer 32

inactivates viruses

Question 33

sporocide

Answer 33

kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores

Question 34

drug target sites for Bacteria

Answer 34

• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis without the cell wall the cell will lyse from osmotic pressure
• Disruption of cell membrane function destroys phospholipids and creates holes in the cell causing it to die
• Inhibition of protein synthesis prevents cells from carrying out normal functions (done with denaturation)
• Effects on Nucleic acids a lot of side effects because they have the same DNA pattern as the microbe (ATCG) only prescribed as a last option
• Action as antimetabolite stop metabolism

Question 35

drug target sites viruses

Answer 35

antibiotics do not work bc they do not have the same features as bacteria
Altering DNA/RNA
Denaturing proteins

Question 36

drug target sites fungi

Answer 36

usually cell wall target if they have one (since we don’t)
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Disruption of cell membrane function

Question 37

drug target sites protozoans

Answer 37

Proteins – very specific to the parasite - big side effects due to similarities

Question 38

Worms/Antihelminth

Answer 38

Proteins – very specific to the parasite - big side effects due to similarities

Question 39

Name:
Target:
Example or how to use it:

Answer 39

Name: soap
Target cell membranes, proteins
Example or how to use it: mechanical scrubbing

Question 40

Name:
Target:
Example or how to use it:

Answer 40

Name moist heat
Target denature proteins
Example or how to use it - autoclaving sterilizes hospital equipment and instruments

Question 41

Name:
Target:
Example or how to use it:

Answer 41

Name heavy metals
Target denature proteins
Example or how to use it - selenium is used to inhibit fungal growth

Question 42

Name:
Target:
Example or how to use it:

Answer 42

Name dyes
Target may interfere with replication or block cell wall synthesis
Example or how to use it - used to clean wounds and infections (gentian violet)

Question 43

Name:
Target:
Example or how to use it:

Answer 43

Name refrigeration
Target slow rate of enzyme controlled reactions
Example or how to use it - used to keep fresh food for a few days