Chapter 7: Definitions Flashcards
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The shoulder blade.
Scapula
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The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
Nasopharynx
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Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.
Metacarpals
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The upper quarter of the sternum.
Manubrium
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The supporting bone of the upper arm.
Humerus
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The reproductive system in men and women.
Genital System
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The area of the head above the ears and eyes; contains the brain
Cranium
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Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
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Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange; such as trachea and bronchi.
Dead Space
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The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of eaten food with stomach acids.
Chyme
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The functional units fo the nervous system; also called nerve cells.
Neurons
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The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
Radius
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The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
Minute Volume
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The eye socket, made up of maxilla and zygoma.
Orbit
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The movement of air between the lungs and environment.
Ventilation
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The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.
Somatic Nervous System
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Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
Motor Nerves
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The thick skin covering the cranium, usually bears hair.
Scalp
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The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air.
Respiration
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The heart muscle.
Myocardium
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The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
Coccyx
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The spermatic duct of the testicles.
Vas Deferens or Vas Deferentia
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The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
Frontal Bone
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Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and the phalanges.
Metatarsals
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The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
Anatomy
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The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
Mucus
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The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.
Stroke Volume (SV)
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The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into major arteries.
Pulse
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The inner layer of the skin,, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
Dermis
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The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Synovial Membrane
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An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
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A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.
Urinary Bladder
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The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (i.e. tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.
Tarsals
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One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. It sits lateral to the pubis and inferior to the acetabulum.
Ischium
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The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.
Synovial Fluid
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A set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
Cellular Metabolism
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One of two lower chambers of the heart.
Ventricle
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The place where two bones come into contact; also called articulation.
Joint
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Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
Hypoxia
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A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.
Shock
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The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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The depression of the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acetabulum
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A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
Oropharynx
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One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
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The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
Anatomic Position
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The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
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The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five confused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
Lumbar Spine
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Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.
Seminal Vesicles
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A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient ciruculation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock.
Hypoperfusion
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The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
Large Intestine
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A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.
Hypoxic Drive
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The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
Patella
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The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
Urinary System
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The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
Parietal Bones
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Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plate.
Hinge Joints
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The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood.
Pulmonary Artery
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Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
Subcutaneous Tissue
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The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.
Urethra
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The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs.
Perfusion
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The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.
Metabolism
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The bending of a joint.
Flexion
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The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Small Intestine
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One of the three major subdivisions in the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain like fine body movements.
Cerebellum
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The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs.
Skeleton
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Flow of blood from right ventricle through pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
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The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed.
Germinal Layer
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Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal Glands
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The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as potential because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
Pleural Space
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A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Foramen Magnum
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The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.
Radial Artery
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The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
Nervous System
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An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.
Hypercapnia
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The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
Bile Ducts
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The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Femoral Head
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One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
Sacrum
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The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
Brainstem
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A device used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
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A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
V/Q Ratio
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The connection point between the pelvis and vertebral column.
Sacroiliac Joint
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The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
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Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
White Blood Cells
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Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
Chordae Tendinae
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A bony preeminence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
Greater Trochanter
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The space within a cell or cells.
Intracellular Space
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Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
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A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.
Intervertebral Disks
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The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
Peristalsis
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The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
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A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
Malleolus
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One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. It is the largest bone of the three.
Ilium
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A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
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An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla, contain numerous nerve fibers used for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.
Pons
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One of two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities; head, neck, and chest into the heart.
Superior Vena Cava
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A joint that allows internal and external rotations, as well as bending.
Ball-and-Socket Joint
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A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.
Ligament
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A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called thyroid cartilage.
Adam’s Apple
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The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
Pleura
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The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and the venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
Capillary Vessels
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The heart muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
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Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Medulla Oblongata
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The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.
Tunica Media
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Behind the abdominal cavity.
Retroperitoneal or Retropertoneum
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The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
Shoulder Girdle
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The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Tendons
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The chest or rib cage.
Thoracic Cage
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The heel bone.
Calcaneus
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A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into capillaries to be excreted.
Lymph
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One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. Inner bone of the pelvic ring. Sits medial to the ischium.
Pubis
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The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
Arterioles
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The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
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The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.
Salivary Glands
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The brain and the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Gallbladder
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The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
Hydrostatic Pressure
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Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate autonomic activity.
Smooth Muscle
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A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
Renal Pelvis
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The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
Autonomic Nervous System
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The part of the skeleton comprised of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Axial Skeleton
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Portion of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
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The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
Sweat Glands
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Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in blood clotting.
Platelets
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The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
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The major artery that supplies blood to head and brain.
Carotid Artery
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The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples.
Temporal Bones
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The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotion, and personality.
Cerebrum
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The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
Fallopian Tubes
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A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
Lactic Acid
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A hollow muscular organ that pumps throughout the body.
Heart
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The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.
Joint Capsule
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Sticky, yellow fluid carrying blood cells and nutrients, and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
Plasma
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Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
Agonal Gasps
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Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
Hormones
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The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water-tight protective covering for the body.
Epidermis
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The straightening of a joint.
Extension
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The bones of the finders and toes.
Phalanges
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The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
Vertebral Column
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The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.
Trachea
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The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Cervical Spine
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A type of joint that has grown together to form a stable connection.
Symphysis
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The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.
Systole
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The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
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A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) ; aka birth canal.
Vagina
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The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness.
Midbrain
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The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.
Labored Breathing
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The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.
Mucous Membrane
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The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
Diastole
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The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs.
Systemic Circulation
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Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (SCF)
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The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.
Musculoskeletal System
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Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
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A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for the body, and produces substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
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The 33 bones that make up the spinal column.
Vertebrae
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A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
Pubic Symphysis
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The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
Thorax
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The inability of the body to move gas effectively.
Respiratory Compromise
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Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulates the body’s salt and water content.
Kidneys
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A neurotransmitter/hormone and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties.
Norepinephrine
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An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts.
Transverse (Axial) Plane
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The breast bone.
Sternum
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Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes.
Red Blood Cells
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Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
Adrenergic
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The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of the vertebrae.
Thoracic Spine
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The space in between the cells.
Interstitial Space
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A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s Apple.
Thyroid Cartilage
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The major vessell in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
Brachial Artery
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The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).
Heart Rate (HR)
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The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.
Biceps
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Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.
Voluntary Muscle
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Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
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Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.
Semen
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The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the eternal iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
Femoral Artery
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A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.
Epinephrine
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The most posterior portion of the cranium.
Occipital Bone
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The outermost or dead layer of the skin.
Stratum Corneal Layer
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The small organs that produce hair.
Hair Follicles
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A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid part of the ejaculatory fluid.
Prostate Gland
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Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.
Sphincters
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One of the two upper chambers the heart.
Atrium
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The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
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The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
Abdomen
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Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Metabolism
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An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
Coronal Plane
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The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
Blood Pressure (BP)
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A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
Epiglottis
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The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.
Pectoral Girdle
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A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
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The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palpate and hold the upper teeth.
Maxillae
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All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of upper and lower airways and their components.
Respiratory System
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The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
Femur
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A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
Diaphragm
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Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.
Sebaceous Glands
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The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
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An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and umbilical (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
Midsagittal Plane (midline)
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The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
Tibia
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An abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also known as hypocarbia.
Hypocapnia
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The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many autonomic regulating systems of the body.
Involuntary Muscle
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The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
Anaerobic Metabolism
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The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult.
Tidal Volume
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The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
Triceps
