Chapter 7: Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The shoulder blade.
A
Scapula
2
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
A
Nasopharynx
3
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.
A
Metacarpals
4
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The upper quarter of the sternum.
A
Manubrium
5
Q
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The supporting bone of the upper arm.
A
Humerus
6
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The reproductive system in men and women.
A
Genital System
7
Q
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The area of the head above the ears and eyes; contains the brain
A
Cranium
8
Q
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Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
A
Diffusion
9
Q
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Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange; such as trachea and bronchi.
A
Dead Space
10
Q
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The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
A
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
11
Q
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The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of eaten food with stomach acids.
A
Chyme
12
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The functional units fo the nervous system; also called nerve cells.
A
Neurons
13
Q
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The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
A
Radius
14
Q
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The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
A
Minute Volume
15
Q
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The eye socket, made up of maxilla and zygoma.
A
Orbit
16
Q
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The movement of air between the lungs and environment.
A
Ventilation
17
Q
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The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.
A
Somatic Nervous System
18
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
A
Motor Nerves
19
Q
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The thick skin covering the cranium, usually bears hair.
A
Scalp
20
Q
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The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air.
A
Respiration
21
Q
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The heart muscle.
A
Myocardium
22
Q
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The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
A
Coccyx
23
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The spermatic duct of the testicles.
A
Vas Deferens or Vas Deferentia
24
Q
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The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
A
Frontal Bone
25
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Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and the phalanges.
Metatarsals
26
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The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
Anatomy
27
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The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
Mucus
28
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The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.
Stroke Volume (SV)
29
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The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into major arteries.
Pulse
30
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The inner layer of the skin,, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
Dermis
31
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The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Synovial Membrane
32
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An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
33
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A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.
Urinary Bladder
34
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The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (i.e. tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.
Tarsals
35
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One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. It sits lateral to the pubis and inferior to the acetabulum.
Ischium
36
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The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.
Synovial Fluid
37
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A set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
Cellular Metabolism
38
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One of two lower chambers of the heart.
Ventricle
39
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The place where two bones come into contact; also called articulation.
Joint
40
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Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
Hypoxia
41
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A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.
Shock
42
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The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
43
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The depression of the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acetabulum
44
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A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
Oropharynx
45
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One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
46
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The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
Anatomic Position
47
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The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
48
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The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five confused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
Lumbar Spine
49
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Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.
Seminal Vesicles
50
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A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient ciruculation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock.
Hypoperfusion
51
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The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
Large Intestine
52
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A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.
Hypoxic Drive
53
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The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
Patella
54
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The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
Urinary System
55
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The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
Parietal Bones
56
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Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plate.
Hinge Joints
57
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The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood.
Pulmonary Artery
58
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Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
Subcutaneous Tissue
59
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The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.
Urethra
60
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The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs.
Perfusion
61
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The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.
Metabolism
62
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The bending of a joint.
Flexion
63
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The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Small Intestine
64
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One of the three major subdivisions in the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain like fine body movements.
Cerebellum
65
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The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs.
Skeleton
66
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Flow of blood from right ventricle through pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
67
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The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed.
Germinal Layer
68
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Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal Glands
69
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The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as potential because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
Pleural Space
70
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A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Foramen Magnum
71
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The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.
Radial Artery
72
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The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
Nervous System
73
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An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.
Hypercapnia
74
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The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
Bile Ducts
75
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The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Femoral Head
76
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One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
Sacrum
77
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The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
Brainstem
78
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A device used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
79
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A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
V/Q Ratio
80
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The connection point between the pelvis and vertebral column.
Sacroiliac Joint
81
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The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
82
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Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
White Blood Cells
83
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Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
Chordae Tendinae
84
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A bony preeminence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
Greater Trochanter
85
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The space within a cell or cells.
Intracellular Space
86
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Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
87
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A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
88
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Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.
Intervertebral Disks
89
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The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
Peristalsis
90
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The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
91
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A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
Malleolus
92
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One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. It is the largest bone of the three.
Ilium
93
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A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
94
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An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla, contain numerous nerve fibers used for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.
Pons
95
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One of two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities; head, neck, and chest into the heart.
Superior Vena Cava
96
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A joint that allows internal and external rotations, as well as bending.
Ball-and-Socket Joint
97
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A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.
Ligament
98
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A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called thyroid cartilage.
Adam's Apple
99
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The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
Pleura
100
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The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and the venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
Capillary Vessels
101
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The heart muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
102
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Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Medulla Oblongata
103
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The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.
Tunica Media
104
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Behind the abdominal cavity.
Retroperitoneal or Retropertoneum
105
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The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
Shoulder Girdle
106
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The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Tendons
107
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The chest or rib cage.
Thoracic Cage
108
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The heel bone.
Calcaneus
109
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A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into capillaries to be excreted.
Lymph
110
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One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring. Inner bone of the pelvic ring. Sits medial to the ischium.
Pubis
111
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The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
Arterioles
112
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The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
113
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The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.
Salivary Glands
114
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The brain and the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
115
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A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Gallbladder
116
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The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
Hydrostatic Pressure
117
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Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate autonomic activity.
Smooth Muscle
118
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A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
Renal Pelvis
119
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The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
Autonomic Nervous System
120
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The part of the skeleton comprised of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Axial Skeleton
121
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Portion of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
122
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The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
Sweat Glands
123
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Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in blood clotting.
Platelets
124
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The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
125
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The major artery that supplies blood to head and brain.
Carotid Artery
126
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The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples.
Temporal Bones
127
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The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotion, and personality.
Cerebrum
128
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The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
Fallopian Tubes
129
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A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
Lactic Acid
130
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A hollow muscular organ that pumps throughout the body.
Heart
131
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The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.
Joint Capsule
132
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Sticky, yellow fluid carrying blood cells and nutrients, and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
Plasma
133
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Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
Agonal Gasps
134
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Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
Hormones
135
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The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water-tight protective covering for the body.
Epidermis
136
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The straightening of a joint.
Extension
137
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The bones of the finders and toes.
Phalanges
138
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The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
Vertebral Column
139
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The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.
Trachea
140
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The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Cervical Spine
141
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A type of joint that has grown together to form a stable connection.
Symphysis
142
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The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.
Systole
143
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The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
144
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A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) ; aka birth canal.
Vagina
145
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The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness.
Midbrain
146
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The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.
Labored Breathing
147
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The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.
Mucous Membrane
148
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The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
Diastole
149
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The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs.
Systemic Circulation
150
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Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (SCF)
151
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The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.
Musculoskeletal System
152
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Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
153
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A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for the body, and produces substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
154
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The 33 bones that make up the spinal column.
Vertebrae
155
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A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
Pubic Symphysis
156
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The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
Thorax
157
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The inability of the body to move gas effectively.
Respiratory Compromise
158
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Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulates the body's salt and water content.
Kidneys
159
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A neurotransmitter/hormone and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties.
Norepinephrine
160
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An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts.
Transverse (Axial) Plane
161
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The breast bone.
Sternum
162
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Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes.
Red Blood Cells
163
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Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
Adrenergic
164
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The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of the vertebrae.
Thoracic Spine
165
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The space in between the cells.
Interstitial Space
166
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A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's Apple.
Thyroid Cartilage
167
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The major vessell in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
Brachial Artery
168
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The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).
Heart Rate (HR)
169
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The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.
Biceps
170
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Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.
Voluntary Muscle
171
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Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
172
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Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.
Semen
173
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The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the eternal iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
Femoral Artery
174
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A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.
Epinephrine
175
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The most posterior portion of the cranium.
Occipital Bone
176
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The outermost or dead layer of the skin.
Stratum Corneal Layer
177
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The small organs that produce hair.
Hair Follicles
178
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A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid part of the ejaculatory fluid.
Prostate Gland
179
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Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.
Sphincters
180
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One of the two upper chambers the heart.
Atrium
181
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The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
182
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The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
Abdomen
183
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Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Metabolism
184
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An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
Coronal Plane
185
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The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
Blood Pressure (BP)
186
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A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
Epiglottis
187
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The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.
Pectoral Girdle
188
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A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
189
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The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palpate and hold the upper teeth.
Maxillae
190
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All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of upper and lower airways and their components.
Respiratory System
191
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The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
192
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The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
Femur
193
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A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
Diaphragm
194
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.
Sebaceous Glands
195
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The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
196
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An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and umbilical (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
Midsagittal Plane (midline)
197
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The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
Tibia
198
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An abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also known as hypocarbia.
Hypocapnia
199
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The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many autonomic regulating systems of the body.
Involuntary Muscle
200
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The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
Anaerobic Metabolism
201
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The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult.
Tidal Volume
202
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The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
Triceps
203
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The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.
Fibula
204
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The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
Appendicular Skeleton
205
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A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin.
Pancreas
206
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A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
Appendix
207
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A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce sperm and egg.
Testes
208
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The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including release of hormones.
Endocrine System
209
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.
Digestion
210
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The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement.
Brain
211
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An imaginary line where the bodies divided into left and right parts.
Sagittal (lateral plane)
212
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The bone of the lower jaw.
Mandible
213
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Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.
Axons
214
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The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.
Xiphoid Process
215
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A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.
Esophagus
216
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The lowermost end of the colon.
Rectum
217
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The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Alveoli
218
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Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
Lymph Nodes
219
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An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.
Spinal Cord
220
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The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Residual Volume
221
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that if fertilized, will develeop into a fetus.
Ovaries
222
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A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
Articular Cartilage
223
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A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
Cricothyroid Membrane
224
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The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.
Ulna
225
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.
Posterior Tibial Artery
226
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The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
Oncotic Pressure
227
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The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
Topographic Anatomy
228
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The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
Circulatory System
229
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
Lesser Trochanter
230
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The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the aorta.
Aorta
231
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
Cecum
232
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureter
233
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory Nerves
234
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Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal (awakeness).
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
235
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The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.
Zygomas
236
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The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.
Pathophysiology
237
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The hip bones.
Coxae
238
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A substance that increased the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Acid
239
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A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body; an increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35.
Acidosis
240
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One or more torn ligaments in the acromioclavicular joint, resulting in a separated shoulder.
Acromioclavicular (AC) Separation
241
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The tip of the shoulder and the site of attachment for the clavicle and various shoulder muscles.
Acromion Process
242
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges.
Active Transport
243
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Thee outer layer of the adrenal gland; it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body.
Adrenal Cortex
244
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Hormone produced by the adreenal glands that mediates the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenaline or Epinephrine
245
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Homrone targets the adreenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid).
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
246
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The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood; increasing this pressure scan decrease cardiac output.
Afterload
247
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A substance that mimics the actions ofa specific neurotransmitter or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occurring substance.
Agonist
248
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Leukocytes that lack granules.
Agranulocytes
249
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A pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body; a decrease in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH greater than 7.45.
Alkalosis
250
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Cells located in the islets of Langerhands that secrete glucagon.
Alpha Cells
251
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction.
Alpha Effects
252
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli.
Alveolar Ducts
253
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A subtance that counteracts the action of something else; a drug of this type has an affinity for a cell receptor and, when it binds to that receptor, the cell is prevented from responding.
Antagonist
254
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A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visibleto the immune system.
Antibody or Immunoglobulin
255
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An agent that, when taken into the body, stimulates the formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies.
Antigen
256
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One of the three described porftions of the aorta; the section of the aorta betweeen the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
Aortic Arch
257
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The one-way, semilunar valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta; keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta and is one of four heart valves.
Aortic Valve
258
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The middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Arachnoid
259
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The glands that produce secretions that protect the nipple and areola during nursing.
Areolar Glands
260
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Vessels of the circulatory system that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Arteries
261
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The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries.
Ascending Aorta
262
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The location where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles.
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
263
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The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head.
Atlas
264
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The site located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
265
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The two valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular Valves
266
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A decrease in cell size as a result of a loss of subcellular components.
Atrophy
267
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The bones that function in hearing and are located deep within cavities of the temporal bone.
Auditory Ossicles
268
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein.
Axillary Vein
269
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The second cervical vertebrae (C2); the point that allows the head to turn.
Axis
270
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis.
Baroreceptors
271
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Base
272
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One of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the auxillary vein.
Basilic Vein
273
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White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response.
Basophils
274
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Stimulation of beta receptors that results in inotropic, dromotropic, adn chronotropic states.
Beta Effects
275
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Cells located in teh islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin.
Beta Cells
276
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver.
Bilirubin
277
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The fluid that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood
278
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Fine subdivisions of the bronchi made of smooth muscle that give rise to the alveolar ducts.
Bronchioles
279
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Constriction of the airway passages of the lungs that accompanies muscle spasms.
Bronchospasm
280
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An abnormal "whooshing" sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a blood vessel.
Bruit
281
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A substance or group of substances that controls the hydrogen levels in a solution.
Buffer
282
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Fast-acting defenses for acid-base changes, providing almost immediate protection against changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid.
Buffer System
283
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Part of the conduction system of the heart; a continuation of the atrioventricular node.
Bundle of His
284
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A small fluid-filled sac located between a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects the joint.
Bursa
285
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.
Calcitonin
286
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A type of bone that consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae.
Cancellous Bone
287
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Microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels between the arterioles and venules through which oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between body tissues and the blood.
Capillaries
288
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The repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just before the beginning of the next contraction.
Cardiac Cycle
289
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The joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint.
Carpometacarpal Joint
290
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart and respiratory rates and the blood pressure.
Catecholamines
291
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The cell wall, which is selectively permeable.
Cell Membrane
292
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
Cellular Respiration
293
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The lower third, or neck, of the uterus.
Cervix
294
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in chemical composition of the blood to help maintain homeostasis.
Chemoreceptors
295
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
Choroid Plexus
296
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Structures formed from condensed fibers and protein of deoxyribonucleic acid; they are threadlike and are contained within the nucleus of the cells.
Chromosomes
297
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A slow, progressive, degenerative, irreversible disease of the airway that causes destructive changes in the alveoli and bronchioles in the lungs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
298
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The visualization of objects directly in front of you.
Central Vision
299
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Related to the control of the heart's rate of contraction.
Chronotropic State
300
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery.
Circumflex Coronary Arteries
301
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The natural tendency for substances to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, either within a cell or outside the cell.
Concentration Gradient
302
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that intitiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of mycardial tissue.
Conduction System
303
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior exposed surface of the eye.
Conjunctiva
304
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The strength of the heart muscle.
Contractility
305
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye.
Cornea
306
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
Coronary Arteries
307
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The end of the great cardiac vein that collects blood returning from the walls of the heart.
Coronary Sinus
308
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Located in the anterior margin of the vestibule and partially hidden by the labia minora, it contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood as a result of sexual excitement.
Clitoris
309
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The remnants of an unfertilized ovum that are sloughed during menstruation.
Corpus Luteum
310
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Any of several steroids secreted by the adrenal gland.
Corticosteroids
311
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The most important corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculata.
Cortisol
312
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain.
Cranial Nerves
313
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
Cranial Vault
314
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis.
Crenation
315
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A horizontal bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity.
Cribriform Plate
316
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
317
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached.
Crista Galli
318
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cytokinesis
319
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A dense layer of fibrous tissue below the subcutaneous tissue; composed of tough bands of tissue that surround muscles and other internal structures.
Deep Fascia
320
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An area of the skin supplied by a specific sensory spinal nerve.
Dermatome
321
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
One of the three portions of the aorta, it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis.
Descending Aorta
322
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most.
Diapedesis
323
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Portion of the brain between the brainstem and cerebrum; contains the epithalamus, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the subthalamus.
Diencephalon
324
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found.
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
325
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Related to the control of the heart’s conduction rate.
Dromotropic State
326
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The outermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it is the toughest membrane.
Dura Mater
327
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.
Ejection Fraction
328
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a
solvent (ie, water); chemicals dissolved in the blood.
Electrolytes
329
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The thin membrane lining the inside of the heart.
Endocardium
330
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body.
Endocrine Glands
331
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The innermost layer of the uterine wall.
Endometrium
332
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone.
Endosteum
333
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Leukocytes that may play a role following infection in various areas in the body.
Eosinophils
334
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart. Also called the visceral pericardium.
Epicardium
335
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The growth plates of a long bone; also called the epiphyseal plates.
Epiphyses
336
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The process by which red blood cells are made.
Erythropoiesis
337
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
Estrogen
338
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Glands that excrete chemicals for elimination.
Exocrine Glands
339
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body’s supply of sodium is contained.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
340
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
341
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A sheet or band of tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
Fascia
342
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein.
Femoral Vein
343
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A white insoluble protein formed in the clotting process.
Fibrin
344
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The movement of fluid from intravascular fluid under high pressure to interstitial fluid, which is generally under lower pressure, through a semipermeable membrane.
Filtration
345
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake and output of fluids.
Fluid Balance
346
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo cell division.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
347
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The soft spots in the skull of a newborn and infant where the sutures of the skull have not yet grown together.
Fontanelles
348
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth.
Foramen Ovale
349
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault.
Foramina
350
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus.
Fossa Ovalis
351
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Cells or organs that selectively remove, concentrate, or alter materials in the blood and then secrete them back into the body.
Glands
352
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder.
Glenoid Fossa
353
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules.
Gluconeogenesis
354
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver (animal starch).
Glycogen
355
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Glycogenolysis
356
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The reproductive glands.
Gonads
357
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot.
Hemostasis
358
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting.
Heparin
359
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the stomach, intestines, and spleen.
Hepatic Portal System
360
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The veins into which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs.
Hepatic Veins
361
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs.
Hering-Breuer Reflex
362
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung.
Hilum
363
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A substance found in large amounts in basophils that increases tissue inflammation.
Histamine
364
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to
produce progesterone during the first eight weeks of gestation.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
365
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The supporting bone of the upper arm.
Humerus
366
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
Hyoid Bone
367
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
When a body part is extended to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion.
Hyperextension
368
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Concentration of solute is higher compared with another solution.
Hypertonic
369
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An increase in the size of the cells as a result of synthesis of more subcellular components, resulting in an increase in tissue and organ size.
Hypertrophy
370
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The basal part of the diencephalons; it regulates the function of the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
371
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A lower concentration of sodium in a solution than exists in the cell; the increased intracellular osmotic pressure lets water flow into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.
Hypotonic
372
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Related to the strength of the heart’s contraction.
Inotropic State
373
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The largest organ system in the body, consisting of the skin and accessory structures (eg, hair, nails, glands).
Integumentary System
374
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A membrane that separates the right and left atria.
Interatrial Septum
375
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The fluid located outside of the blood vessels in the spaces between the body’s cells.
Interstitial Fluid
376
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles.
Interventricular Septum
377
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Fluid within cells in which most of the body’s supply of potassium is contained.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
378
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The noncellular portion of blood found within the blood vessels; also called plasma.
Intravascular Fluid (plasma)
379
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye; pigment in this tissue gives the eye its color.
Iris
380
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The same concentration of sodium in a solution as in the cell. In this case, water does not shift, and no change in cell shape occurs.
Isotonic
381
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The two main veins that drain the head and neck.
Jugular Veins
382
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Two prominent, rounded folds of skin lateral to the labia minora of the female external genitalia.
Labia Majora
383
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pair of skin folds in the female external genitalia that border the vestibule.
Labia Minora
384
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.
Lacrimal Glands
385
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint.
Lateral Malleolus
386
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery that is the largest and shortest of the myocardial blood vessels; this vessel and the circumflex coronary arteries supply blood to the left ventricle and other areas.
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
387
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina.
Lens
388
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure.
Limbic System
389
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The two primary organs of breathing.
Lungs
390
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo cell division.
Luteinizing Hormone
391
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Thin-walled vessels through which lymph circulates through the body; they travel close to the major veins.
Lymph Vessels
392
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A passive circulatory system that transports a plasmalike liquid called lymph, a thin fluid that bathes the tissues of the body.
Lymphatic System
393
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The smallest of the agranulocytes, they originate in the bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues.
Lymphocytes
394
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis.
Lysis
395
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection.
Macrophages
396
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters the lungs.
Mainstem Bronchi
397
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The organs of milk production in the breasts.
Mammary Glands
398
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear.
Mastoid Process
399
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint.
Medial Malleolus
400
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels.
Mediastinum
401
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An internal cavity that contains bone marrow.
Medullary Cavity
402
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A type of cell division that occurs in the production of eggs and sperm.
Meiosis
403
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The first menstrual cycle; the onset of menses.
Menarche
404
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, that enclose the entire brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
405
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The ending of the menstrual cycle (menses).
Menopause
406
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A cycle lasting approximately 28 days in which physiologic changes occur in the uterus and associated reproductive organs.
Menstrual Cycle
407
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The period in the menstrual cycle of sloughing and discharge of the functional layer of the endometrium.
Menstruation
408
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.
Metabolic Acidosis
409
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause.
Metabolic Akalosis
410
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
Mitral Valve
411
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Agranulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection.
Monocytes
412
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A rounded flat pad over the female pubic symphysis.
Mons Pubis
413
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An abnormal heart sound, heard as a “whooshinglike” sound, indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart.
Murmur
414
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Blockage of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium.
Myocardial Infarction
415
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pigment synthesized in the muscles to give skeletal muscles their red-brown color.
Myoglobin
416
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A thick smooth muscle that forms the middle layer of the uterine wall.
Myometrium
417
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth.
Nasal Cavity
418
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The separation between the right and left nostrils.
Nasal Septum
419
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A mass of tissue produced by abnormal cell growth and division that may be malignant (cancerous) or benign; a tumor.
Neoplasm
420
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One of the three types of granulocytes; they have multilobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter.
Neutrophils
421
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid.
Oculomotor Nerve
422
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
One of the three types of granulocytes; they have multilobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter.
Neutrophils
423
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The cranial nerve (I) for smell.
Olfactory Nerve
424
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The precursors to a mature egg.
Oocytes
425
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The maturation process that results in production of an ovum, or egg.
Oogenesis
426
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Either of the second cranial nerves that enter the eyeball posteriorly, through the optic foramen.
Optic Nerve
427
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
Osmosis
428
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
429
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The release of a mature egg (ovum) into the fallopian tube from the ovary.
Ovulation
430
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A mature egg released by the ovary during ovulation.
Ovum
431
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae.
Papillary Muscles
432
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, which are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity.
Paranasal Sinuses
433
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Four glands that are embedded in the posterior portion of each lobe of the thyroid; they produce and secrete parathyroid hormone.
Parathyroid Glands
434
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands; it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function.
Parathyroid Hormone
435
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The pleural membrane that lines the pleural cavity.
Parietal Pleura
436
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)
437
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)
438
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones.
Pelvis
439
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction.
Pericardial Fluid
440
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The serous membranes that surround the heart.
Pericardium
441
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The area of skin between the scrotum and the anus in males, and the vagina and the anus in females.
Perineum
442
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of the bone.
Periosteum
443
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
444
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Visualization of lateral objects while looking forward.
Peripheral Vision
445
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
pH
446
The innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater
447
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An endocrine gland, located in the sella turcica of the brain, responsible for directly or indirectly affecting all body functions.
Pituitary Gland
448
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots.
Plasmin
449
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
Pleural Cavity
450
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A portion of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations.
Pneumotaxic (pontine) Center
451
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A continuation of the femoral artery at the knee.
Popliteal Artery
452
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The volume of blood returned to the heart.
Preload
453
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A structure in the female external genitalia that is formed where the labia minora unite over the clitoris.
Prepuce
454
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg.
Progesterone
455
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs.
Pulmonary-Capillary Membrane
456
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Pulse Pressure
457
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonic Valve
458
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas.
Quadrants
459
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
System located in the kidney that helps to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.
Renin-Angiotensin System
460
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause.
Respiratory Acidosis
461
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause.
Respiratory Alkalosis
462
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The light-sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electrical impulses, which are 311 carried by the optic nerve to the brain.
Retina
463
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An antigen found on the red blood cells of most people; in pregnancy, a woman’s body can create antibodies against this, which can be problematic to future pregnancies.
Rh Factor
464
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other, such as in the thumb.
Saddle Joint
465
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the
foot.
Saphenous Vein
466
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The shoulder blade.
Scapula
467
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from the division of the right and left mainstem bronchi.
Secondary Bronchi
468
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Semilunar Valves
469
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certainelements to pass through while not allowing others to do so.
Semipermeable
470
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The normal site of the origin of electrical impulses; located high in the right atrium, it is the heart’s natural pacemaker.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
471
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
Sinusitis
472
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consists of the 28 bones that comprise the auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face.
Skull
473
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A particle, such as salt, that is dissolved in a solvent.
Solute
474
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A liquid mixture that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand.
Solution
475
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The force of the heartbeat is determined primarily by the length of the fibers constituting its muscular wall. An increase in diastolic filling equals an increase in the force of the heartbeat.
Starling Law
476
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A type of cell that can develop into other types of cell in the body; this type of cell retains the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing, and allows for continual growth and renewal.
Stem Cell
477
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.
Sternocleidomastoid Muscles
478
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; also called skeletal or voluntary muscle.
Striated Muscle
479
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A hemorrhage between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
480
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The space located between the pia mater and the arachnoid
membrane.
Subarachnoid Space
481
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder.
Subclavian Artery
482
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The proximal part of the main veins of the arm, which unite with the internal jugular veins.
Subclavian Veins
483
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded.
Surfactant
484
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together.
Sutures
485
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
Sweat Glands
486
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that governs the body’s fight-or-flight reactions by inducing smooth muscle contraction or relaxation of the blood vessels and bronchioles.
Sympathetic Nervous System
487
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The joint where the mandible meets with the temporal bone of the cranium just in front of each ear.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
488
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from branching of the secondary bronchi.
Tertiary Bronchi
489
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Structure of the diencephalon that is the sensory switchboard of the brain, through which almost all signals travel on their way in or out of the brain.
Thalamus
490
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
One of two great lymph vessels; it empties into the superior vena cava.
Thoracic Duct
491
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plug, forming the final mature clot.
Thrombin
492
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism.
Thyroid Gland
493
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A major component in the fibrinolytic system, in which clots that have already formed are lysed or disrupted, converting plasminogen to plasmin.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
494
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Bony rods that form the lacy network in cancellous bones and are oriented to increase weight-bearing capacity of long bones.
Trabeculae
495
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.
Trachea
496
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
497
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.
Tunica Adventitia
498
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel.
Tunica Intima
499
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A muscular inverted pear–shaped organ that lies situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
Uterus
500
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The cranial nerve (X) that provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx and carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.
Vagus Nerve
501
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart.
Veins
502
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain.
Venous Sinuses
503
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech.
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
504
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
In the context of the circulatory system, one of two lower chambers of the heart; in the context of the neurologic system, hollow storage areas in the brain.
Ventricle
505
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The pleural membrane that covers the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
506
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation.
Vital Capacity
507
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The female external genitalia; also called the pudendum.
Vulva
