Chapter 7: Cells Flashcards
1
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Cells with a common function that are grouped closely together.
A
Tissue
2
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Groups of tissues that all perform interrelated jobs.
A
Organs
3
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
A series of organs working together.
A
Organ System
4
Q
Two General Classes of Cells
A
- Sex Cells (a.k.a. germ or reproductive cells)
- Somatic Cells
5
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
A
6
Q
List the three major regions of a cell.
A
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
7
Q
Function of the nucleus.
A
Contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell.
8
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The cell wall, which contains molecules that form pathways that allow movement into and out of the cell.
A
Cell Membrane (a.k.a. plasma membrane)
9
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so.
A
Semipermeable
10
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Structures within the cell that have a specific function.
A
Organelles
11
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Outside the cell membrane.
A
Extracellular
12
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Inside the cell membrane.
A
Intracellular
13
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
A class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic “head” containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
A
Phospholipid
14
Q
What creates the semipermeability environment of the cell membrane?
A
Phospholipids and Proteins
15
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Allow passive passage into intracellular compartment. Some are gated ion channels, which open and close at specific times and only allow specific substances to pass.
A
Channel Proteins
16
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Act as sites where enzymes can bind (occurs inside the cell); enzyme acts as a catalyst for a reaction.
A
Enzyme Receptors
17
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Binding site on outside of cell membrane; specific to certain molecules; binding causes a change in cellular function.
A
Receptor Site Proteins
18
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Identify cell as a part of a particular organism; used by the immune system to determine “self” from “nonself”.
A
Identifier Proteins
19
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
Bind to substances and transport them across the cell membrane.
A
Carrier Proteins
20
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The fluid-like material in which the contents of the cell are contained.
A
Cytoplasm
21
Q
Three components of the cytoplasm.
A
- Mebranous Networks
- Protein Frameworks
- Cytoskeleton
22
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The fluid portion of cytoplasm.
A
Cytosol
23
Q
Components of cytosol.
A
- Water (primary)
- Glucose
- Amino Acids
- Fatty Acids
- Ions
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Waste Products
24
Q
What phrase or word matches this definition?
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
A
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
25
# Define the acronym.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
26
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Centriole
Cell Division: They engage in the arrangement of mitotic spindles during cell division and aids in cytokinesis.
Cell Structure: They regulate the position of the nucleus and other organelles in the cell.
27
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Hairlike structures, moving in a coordinated sweeping motion to move fluids over the surface of tissues. They are found on cells lining both the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
Cilia
28
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A long whiplike outgrowth from a cell that acts as an organ of locomotion.
Flagella
29
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Ribosome
Protein Synthesis: reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
30
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
31
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol, which are needed for the growth and maintenance of the cell membrane.
32
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesize proteins via instructions from messenger RNA.
"Rough" refers to ribosomes on surface.
33
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Golgi Apparatus
* Concentrating and packaging secretions (such as hormones or enzymes) that are released for secretion out of the cell.
* Packaging special enzymes inside vesicles for use in the cytosol.
* Renewing or modifying the cell membrane.
34
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Lysosomes
* Dispose of cell wastes using enzymes to break down nutrients and foreign particles (such as bacteria).
* Destroy older, worn-out parts of the cell.
35
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Microfilaments
* Cell movement and contraction.
* Change the shape of the entire cell.
Typically found in muscle cells.
36
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Mitochondria
ATP production.
37
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Peroxisomes
* The synthesis of bile acids.
* Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide or alcohol.
* Breakdown of lipids and biochemicals.
38
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Thick Filaments
Interact with actin filaments to produce powerful contractions.
39
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Vesicles
* Help transport materials that an organism needs to survive.
* Recycle waste materials.
* Absorb and destroy toxic substances and pathogens to prevent cell damage and infection.
40
# What function(s) does this organelle serve?
Nucleus
Store the cell's DNA.
Maintain DNA integrity.
Facilitate DNA transcription and replication.
41
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A “mini nucleus” made up mostly of RNA and protein molecules, with no surrounding membrane.
Nucleolus
42
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Loosely coiled DNA and protein fibers that condense, forming chromosomes.
Chromatin
43
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Structures formed from condensed fibers and protein of deoxyribonucleic acid; they are thread-like and are contained within the nucleus of the cells.
Chromosomes
44
Phases of the Life Cycle
1. Interphase
1. Cell Division (Mitosis)
1. Cytoplasmic Division (Cytokinesis)
1. Differentiation
45
# What occurs during this phase of the cell life cycle?
Interphase
The cell obtains nutrients to grow and duplicate.
46
# What occurs during this phase of the cell life cycle?
Mitosis
The nucleus divides.
47
# What occurs during this phase of the cell life cycle?
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm divides.
48
# What occurs during this phase of the cell life cycle?
Differentiation
The cell becomes specialized.
49
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Stem Cell
A type of cell that can develop into other types of cells in the body; this type of cell retains the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing and allows for continual growth and renewal.
50
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A mass of tissue produced by abnormal cell growth and division that may be malignant (cancerous) or benign; a tumor.
Neoplasm
51
# Compare/Contrast
Benign vs Malignant Tumor
* Both are tumors.
* Benign tumors remain in the epithelium and is not life-threatening.
* Malignant tumors spread into the surrounding tissue can be life-threatening.
52
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
Metastasis
53
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
54
Three actions of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
55
# What occurs during this part of the cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down into 2 three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules, gaining two ATP molecules and releasing high-energy electrons.
Anaerobic process.
56
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A process that can occur in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid.
Anaerobic Metabolism
57
# What occurs during this part of the cellular respiration?
Krebs Cycle
(a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
The three-carbon pyruvic acids enter the mitochondria, each losing a carbon atom. The molecules then combine with a coenzyme to form a two-carbon acetyl coenzyme A and release more high-energy electrons. Each acetyl coenzyme A combines with a four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to form a six-carbon citric acid. A series of reactions removes two carbons, synthesizes one ATP molecule, and releases more high-energy electrons.
Aerobic process.
58
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A process that can occur only in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Metabolism
59
# What occurs during this part of the cellular respiration?
Electron Transport Chain
34 molecules of ATP are produced in an aerobic process. High-energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring them to enzymes that store most of the remaining energy in more ATP molecules; heat and water are also produced.
60
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (i.e., water); chemicals dissolved in the blood.
Electrolyte
61
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.
Concentration Gradient
62
# Fill in the blanks.
Molecules move from an area of ------- concentration to ------ concentration.
high, low
63
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The passive movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until an even distribution of particles is achieved.
Diffusion
64
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The movement of fluid from intravascular fluid under high pressure to interstitial fluid, which is generally under lower pressure, through a semi-permeable membrane.
Filtration
65
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A particle, such as salt, that is dissolved in a solvent.
Solute
66
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
67
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient such as the cell membrane, opposite the normal movement of diffusion; substances move toward the side with a higher concentration.
Active Transport
68
# Compare/Contrast
Facilitated Diffusion vs Active Transport
* Both move molecules across a gradient and require a carrier protein.
* Facilitated diffusion does not require energy because molecules flow with the gradient (high concentration to low concentration).
* Active transport requires energy because molecules flow against the gradient (low concentration to high concentration).
69
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
Osmosis
70
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
71
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The ability to affect the movement of water.
Osmolality
72
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The concentration of a solution, or ability to draw or give water.
Tonicity
73
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A solution with a higher solute concentration compared with another solution.
Hypertonic
74
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A solution with a lower solute concentration.
Hypotonic
75
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
A solution where there is an equal concentration of solutes and liquid on either side of the membrane.
Isotonic
76
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis.
Crenation
77
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis.
Lysis
78
Total Human Body Water Content
50%-70% of total body weight
79
Two body fluid compartments
Intracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
80
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Fluid within cells in which most of the body’s supply of potassium is contained.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
81
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body’s supply of sodium is contained.
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
82
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The noncellular portion of blood found within the blood vessels; also called plasma.
Intravascular Fluid
83
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The fluid located outside of the blood vessels in the spaces between the body’s cells.
Interstitial Fluid
84
# What phrase or word matches this definition?
The process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake (water taken into the body) and output (water excreted from the body) of fluids.
Fluid Balance
85
Composition of body fluid (%)
Intracellular Fluid: 75%
Extracellular Fluid: 25%
86
Major mechanisms for fluid homeostasis
Antidiuretic hormone
Thirst
Kidneys
Water shifts
87
12 Major Organ Systems
* Integumentary
* Skeletal
* Muscular
* Nervous
* Endocrine
* Circulatory
* Lymphatic
* Immune
* Respiratory
* Digestive
* Urinary
* Reproductive
