Chapter 7 Continued Flashcards
What is cell respiration?
To produce energy currency (ATP) for a cell for it to run.
When electrons move to a more electronegative atom or molecule what happens?
In the electron transport chain, they become more stable as they move down it. At the oxygen step/phase, they are completely stable.
In which cycles are NAD and FAD reduced?
NAD and FAD are reduced every time they lose electrons oxygen gets very reduced. Glucose is the primary electron donor.
What is substrate level phosphorylation and where does it occur?
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. (When a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It occurs when glucose + NAD+ + 2ATP yield (RIGHT HERE AT YIELD) NADH + 4ATP
Which process will occur in the absence of oxygen? Presence?
Glycolysis (can go with or without oxygen) and fermentation go without oxygen. Glycolysis is oxygen or organelle dependent. Transition reactions need oxygen.
What does phosphorylation mean?
Phosphorylation is when you add a phosphate.
What is the oath of electrons starting with glucose and ending with oxygen?
Primary source of electrons: glucose. All elections are eventually picked by oxygen. In anaerobic: some electrons picked by NADH and something else?
How is the proton gradient (proton motive force) established?
Proton motive force is established by protons being pumped across the membrane. Second way is by oxygen binding to protons up there. (This is in the electron transport chain.)
In the two types of fermentation what are the products?
Alcohol fermentation products: 2NAD and 2ethanol
Lactic acid fermentation products: 2 lactate, with no release of CO2
In fermentation how is the ATP made?
NAD+ which then can be used to oxidize sugar by glycolysis, which nets 2 molecules of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Where exactly or directly does the energy come from to convert ADP to ATP?
The energy comes from the protons going down the gradient turning the rotor to convert ADP to ATP.
What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to a. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. c. combine with carbon, forming CO2. d. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
What happens to the electrons when they reach the electron transport chain?
The electrons are transferred through a series of electron carriers until they reach the terminal electron acceptor (oxygen) which is converted to water.
Organic compounds poses potential energy. How do enzymes help a cell harness that energy?
Enzymes help a cell harness that energy in that a cell systematically degrades complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products that have less energy.
Describe how energy movement through an ecosystem is a cycle
Energy movement through an ecosystem is a cycle in that photosynthesis generates oxygen and organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration which breaks down the fuel generating ATP and the waste products of this are carbon dioxide and water which are then used to restart photosynthesis.
