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AP Bio > Chapter 19, 20, & 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 19, 20, & 21 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive no reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals because of those traits.

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2
Q

Relative fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.

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3
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

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4
Q

Lamarck

A

(1744 - 1829) Proposed an incorrect mechanism. Remembered for comparing several fossils with living species and find descent lines. He made two principles from this: 1) use and disuse: the idea that parts of the body that are used a lot become stronger while the parts that aren’t used a lot slowly deteriorate. 2) inheritance of inquired characteristics: stated that an organism could pass these modifications to an offspring.

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5
Q

Fossil

A

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.

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6
Q

Descent with modification

A

descendants of the earliest organisms spread into various habitats over millions of years. Example: fur that blends with different environments, protective camoflouage

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7
Q

Darwin

A

A) He argued evidence that the species of organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from ancestral species.
B) He proposed a mechanism for evolution, which termed natural selection.

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8
Q

Origin of species

A

Book written by Darwin.
A) He argued evidence that the species of organisms inhaiting Earth today descended from ancestral species.
B) He proposed a mechanism for evolution, which termed natural selection.

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9
Q

Biogeography

A

The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species.

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10
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.

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11
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.

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12
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolutionary change above the species level. Examples of macroevolutionary change include the origin of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation events and the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery.

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13
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments.

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14
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

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15
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

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16
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection in which extremes of a trait are selected against. Average trait is most successful

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17
Q

Sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

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18
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex.

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19
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Also called mate choice. Individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex.

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20
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.

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21
Q

Gene pool

A

The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population. The term is also used in a more restricted sense as the aggregate of alleles for just one or a few loci in a population.

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22
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.

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23
Q

Mutations

A

Help produce genetic variation

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24
Q

Genetic drift

A

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.

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25
Q

Genetic drift

A

1) significant in small populations 2) can cause allele frequencies to change at random 3) can lead to a loss of genetic variation 4) can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

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26
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

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27
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

28
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

29
Q

Natural selection

A

It’s the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution.

30
Q

Adaptive evolution

A

A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency in a population over time.

31
Q

Why can’t natural selection produce the perfect organism?

A

Natural selection can only select on existing variation in the population; it cannot create anything from scratch. Therefore, the process of evolution is limited by a population’s existing genetic variance, the physical proximity of alleles, non-beneficial intermediate morphs in a polymorphic population, and non-adaptive revolutionary forces. Natural selection is also limited because it acts on the phenotypes of individuals, not alleles.

32
Q

Biological species concept

A

Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.

33
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

34
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

35
Q

Species

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.

36
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.

37
Q

Hybrid zone

A

A geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry.

38
Q

Allopolyploid

A

A fertile individual that has more than two chromosome sets as a result of two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.

39
Q

Autopolyploid

A

An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species.

40
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted.

41
Q

What types of isolation have Prezygotic isolation?

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic isolation

42
Q

What types of isolation have post-zygotic barriers?

A

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown

43
Q

Postzygotic barrier

A

A reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.

44
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter other each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers, such as mountain ranges.

45
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Two different individuals that breed at different times of the year and don’t produce fertile offspring.

46
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Species with complex courtship rituals (breeding calls, mating dances, etc.) usually exhibit a stereotyped “give-and-take” between male and female before actual mating takes place.

47
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences prevent mating/pollination.

48
Q

Gametic isolation

A

In this case, sperm and ova of the two species are chemically (genetically) incompatible, and will not fuse to form a zygote.

49
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

The genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival in its environment.

50
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile. If the chromosomes of the two parent species differ in number or structure, meiosis in the hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes. Since the infertile hybrids cannot produce offspring when they mate with tiger parent species, genes cannot flow freely between the species.

51
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

First generation hybrids are viable and sterile, but when they mate, offspring are feeble or sterile.

52
Q

Differentiate between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium speciation

A

Punctuated equilibrium and phyletic gradualism are contrasting patterns of evolution among a spectrum of patterns found in the fossil record. In punctuated equilibrium, species tend to show morphological stasis between abrupt speciation events, whereas in phyletic gradualism species undergo more continuous change.

53
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species.

54
Q

Speciation

A

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.

55
Q

Fitness

A

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce

56
Q

Equilibrium equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

57
Q

Disruptions to Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

1) small population - genetic drift 2) mutation

3) nonrandom mating 4) natural selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive) 5) gene flow (immigration/emigration)

58
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A source of genetic variation

59
Q

Geographic variation

A

Tall plants at bottom of mountain but short plants at the top

60
Q

Natural selection (Mrs. Round definition)

A

process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals.

61
Q

What are the main pieces of evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy

62
Q

How are mutations passed on?

A

Only way mutations are passed on is if they are in the gametes

63
Q

Analogous structures

A

similar functions but did not come from a common ancestor (this is convergent evolution)

64
Q

Vestigial structures

A

structures inherited by recent organisms that seem to have no significance but did in possible ancestors. Example: hip bones of bottlenose dolphins.

65
Q

Conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

1) there must be a large population size 2) no mutations

3) random mating 4) no natural selection 5) no gene flow

AP Bio (11 decks)

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