Chapter 3 Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Functional group
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.
Monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
Enzyme
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.
Carbohydrate
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
Monosaccharide
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Valence
The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.
Polysaccharide
A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
Lipid
Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.
Fat
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.
Fatty acid
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.
Triacylglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Phospholipid
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
Steroid
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.
Cholesterol
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.
Catalyst
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Peptide bond
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
What are the classes of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
Polypeptide
a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule.
At what temperature do human proteins start to denature?
41 C or 105.8 F
DNA
A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.
RNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
Conformation
It’s the conformation that determines the structures to the activity of the protein. Each functional protein has many levels of folding.
Proteins are made of what?
Polymers of amino acids called polypeptides.
Nucleic acids
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
Denaturation
In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.
Sucrose is part of what?
Disaccharides
Double helix
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
Chaperonin
A molecular complex composed of multiple heat shock protein subunits that assemble into double ring structures. Chaperonins function within the cytoplasm to refold damaged proteins.
What does each amino acid have?
A carboxyl group, hydrogen group, and a variable R group attached to. central carbon
Polypeptides consist of what?
Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
What does the tertiary structure determine?
It determines the interactions among the R groups and the R groups with the polypeptide backbone. It also includes van der waals interactions (hotspots) and disulfide bridges; string covalent bonds that help stabilize the structure (made when 2 cysteine monomers with sulfhydryl groups come in contact.)
Monosaccharides have what groups?
Carbonyl and hydroxyl. Also carbon needs 4 bonding sites
For polysaccharides, the way monomers bond determine what?
The secondary structure and function of the carbohydrate.
What is a major component for cell membranes?
Cholesterol which is a steroid.
