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AP Bio > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

Functional group

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

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3
Q

ATP

A

(Adenosine triphosphate) An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

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4
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

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5
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

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6
Q

Enzyme

A

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.

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7
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.

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9
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

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10
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

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11
Q

Disaccharide

A

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.

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12
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

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13
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

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14
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

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15
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.

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19
Q

Chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

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20
Q

Lipid

A

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

21
Q

Fat

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

22
Q

Fatty acid

A

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

23
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.

24
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

25
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

26
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

27
Q

Steroid

A

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

28
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.

29
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

30
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

31
Q

What are the classes of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

32
Q

Polypeptide

A

a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule.

33
Q

At what temperature do human proteins start to denature?

A

41 C or 105.8 F

34
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

35
Q

RNA

A

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

36
Q

Conformation

A

It’s the conformation that determines the structures to the activity of the protein. Each functional protein has many levels of folding.

37
Q

Proteins are made of what?

A

Polymers of amino acids called polypeptides.

38
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

39
Q

Denaturation

A

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

40
Q

Sucrose is part of what?

A

Disaccharides

41
Q

Double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

42
Q

Chaperonin

A

A molecular complex composed of multiple heat shock protein subunits that assemble into double ring structures. Chaperonins function within the cytoplasm to refold damaged proteins.

43
Q

What does each amino acid have?

A

A carboxyl group, hydrogen group, and a variable R group attached to. central carbon

44
Q

Polypeptides consist of what?

A

Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

45
Q

What does the tertiary structure determine?

A

It determines the interactions among the R groups and the R groups with the polypeptide backbone. It also includes van der waals interactions (hotspots) and disulfide bridges; string covalent bonds that help stabilize the structure (made when 2 cysteine monomers with sulfhydryl groups come in contact.)

46
Q

Monosaccharides have what groups?

A

Carbonyl and hydroxyl. Also carbon needs 4 bonding sites

47
Q

For polysaccharides, the way monomers bond determine what?

A

The secondary structure and function of the carbohydrate.

48
Q

What is a major component for cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol which is a steroid.

AP Bio (11 decks)

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