Chapter 7: Circulatory System Flashcards by Aeron Justine Aquino

What system consists of the transportation system that serves to pump, transport and distribute required elements to the cells, tissues and different parts of the body and permits them to exchange their particular products with the cells in other parts?

circulatory system

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Two Subsystems of the Circulatory System:

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM

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What system is comparable to a closed system of plumbing, through which the blood circulates with the aid of an in-line pump?

cardiovascular system

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cardiovascular system four components:

Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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a muscular pump or a highly muscularized tube that contracts to force the blood to move through the system.

Heart

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What carry blood away from the heart toward the tissues? The arterial side of circulation carries low volume of blood under high pressure at a high velocity.

Arteries

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What return blood from the tissues to the heart? The venous system carries high quantities of blood at very low pressure and velocitie.

Veins

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What intervene between the arteries and veins, allowing exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and other tissues?

Capillaries

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What system carries a large volume of blood under an appreciably diminished pressure and velocity?

capillary system

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What system comprises an additional set of vessels, in which lymph moves in one direction only. This system lacks separate pump. This system starts as blind-ending tubules or lymphatic capillaries. The main function of this system is to collect the excess interstitial fluid, filter it through various lymph nodes and return extracellular fluid as lymph to the blood vascular system.

LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM

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What are blind-ending endothelial tubes that collect lymph (excess tissue fluid, cellular debris and lymphocytes) from the intercellular spaces?

Lymphatic capillaries

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What collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries?

Lymphatic vessels

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What collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empty it into the large jugular and sub-clavian vein?

Lymphatic ducts

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Local weakening of vessel walls may lead to the development of a thin-walled out-pocketing, or called? that may rupture and cause hemorrhage

aneurysm

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What is the innermost layer of the cardiovascular elements and borders the lumen?

Tunica intima

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In arteries, the intima is separated from the tunica media by a fenestrated layer of elastin called?

internal elastic lamina?membrane

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What division of tunica intima consists of squamos cells, which line the lumen of the organ. This is common and consistent feature of all blood vessels and the heart. The nucleus of endothelial cell is prominent and may bulge into the lumen while the marginal cytoplasm is difficult to observe with light microscope. The cells rest on the basement membrane, which separates the endothelium from the underlying sub-endothelial layer.

Endothelium

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What division of tunica intima consist of loose connective tissue, fibroblast and some smooth muscle fibers?

Subendothelial coat

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What is the middle layer of cardiovascular elements, consists of a mixture of smooth muscle cells, collagen fiber, elastic fibers and fibroblasts

Tunica media

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Tunica media is the middle layer of cardiovascular elements , consists of a mixture of smooth muscle cells, collagen fiber, elastic fibers and fibroblasts. The smooth muscle cells are arranged in a circular pattern around the lumen. In blood vessels, it consists mainly of circumferentially arranged?

vascular smooth muscle fibers

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What generally have a thicker tunica media containing more muscle and elastic fibers, than that of veins and lymphatic vessels?

Arteries

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Large arteries often exhibit an ? between the tunica media and tunica adventiti

external elastic lamina

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What is the outermost layer of cardiovascular elements, consists chiefly of Type I collagen and elastic fibers that anchors the vessel in the surrounding tissue?

Tunica adventitia

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In ? the adventitia is the thickest layer; it may contain longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle.

veins

In large vessels of each type, the adventitia contains small blood vessels called? that supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the vessel wall too far from the lumen to be nourished by diffusion

vasa vasorum

The outer layer of the heart (epicardium) is not an adventitia, but rather a ? composed of connective tissue covered on its outer surface by mesothelium

serosa

What are the smallest vascular channels in the body

capillaries

The basic plan of the arterial tree is that a small number of large-diameter vessels branch to feed a successively larger number of smaller-diameter vessels. Capillaries are the smallest-diameter vessels in this chain and hence the most numerous. They commonly occur as components of a profusion of anastomosing (interconnecting) channels referred to as a?

Capillary beds

What are the chief structural component of capillaries, are simple squamos epithelial cells of mesenchymal origin joined by intercellular junctions to form an epithelial tube.

Endothelial cells

What are small mesenchymal cells scattered along capillaries. Each is surrounded by its own basal lamina and clings by long cytoplasmic processes to the outside of capillaries. They may or may not be contractile. These mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into a variety of cell types.

Pericytes or adventitial cells

What capillaries are characterized by the absence of interruptions in the continuity of the endothelial cells. They have smooth, nonporous endothelial lining and the cells attached tightly to each other by junctional complex. These capillaries are the most common type and are found in connective tissues, all muscle tissues, the central nervous system, and other organs.

Continuous capillaries

What capillaries are characterized by the presence of pores (fenestrae) in the endothelial lining?

Fenestrated capillaries

What type of capillaries are components of the vascular bed that are lined by endothelial or endothelial-like cells called littoral cells?

Sinusoidal capillaries

What are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. It follow irregular, tortuous paths through the organs and have much wider diameters than other types of capillaries.

Sinusoids

What are structures similar to sinusoids but are lined only by non-phagocytic cells?

Sinuses

What have thicker tunica media than veins do. They are distinguished by refractile eosinophilic internal and external elastic laminae. In most tissues and organs, they are usually accompanied by veins. In cross sections through paired vessels, they appear rounder then veins, with thicker walls and smaller lumens.

Arteries

What are the smallest branch of the arterial vessels (0.5 mm or less in diameter) having relatively narrow lumens and relatively thick walls?

ARTERIOLES

What arteriole is a direct continuation of small artery. It branches and becomes a small arteriole.

Large arteriole

What arteriole continues as the pre-capillary or terminal arteriole. It is similar to large arteriole except that: - its wall is thinner and its lumen is smaller - the internal elastic membrane is very thin - there are only 2 to 3 layers of smooth muscle cells which are correspondingly small - the tunica adventitia consists mainly of collagenous fibers

Small arteriole

What arteriole is characterized by the following: lumen is about the size of an RBC; the internal elastic membrane is absent; tunica media consists only of one layer of smooth muscle cells surrounded by a little connective tissue which serves as the tunica adventitia.

Precapillary or terminal arteriole

What is a small branch of terminal arteriole. Constriction can regulate blood flow in capillaries.

Metarteriole

The smooth muscle cells in metarteriole are replaced by perivascular cells or pericytes called?

Rouget cells

What are rings of smooth muscle cells around the metarterioles at capillary origins. It can halt or control blood flow through the arterial capillaries and into the capillary bed proper.

Precapillary sphincters

What arteries are branches of the elastic arteries and constitute the great majority of arteries in the body. They distribute blood to all organs of the body. As a result of the high proportion of smooth muscle fiber in their walls, these arteries control blood flow and blood pressure through vasoconstriction or vasodilation of their lumina. These effects are produced primarily by the innervation of smooth muscle walls of the blood vessel by unmyelinated of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

MUSCULAR ARTERIES (distributing arteries or small and medium arteries)

What are the largest vessels in the body and include the aorta and its major branches. These arteries transport the blood from the heart and move it along the vascular path.

ELASTIC ARTERIES (large or conducting arteries)

heart contraction is called?

systole

heart relaxation is called?

diastole

What are more numerous, have thinner walls, larger diameters and greater structural variation than arteries. They are more likely to contain erythrocytes in their lumen in sectioned tissues. They are characterized by a thicker adventitia, which in larger veins may contain longitudinal smooth muscle.

Veins

What are invaginations of the tunica intima into the lumen of the vein that help maintain unidirectional blood flow. They are characterized as small and medium-sized veins, particularly in the extremities.

Valves

What are smaller version of general vein morphology usually consist of a simple endothelial tube surrounded by a loose connective tissue. They have thick tunica adventitia and thin tunica media.

Venules

What are continuation of venules. They have thinner walls and narrower than large veins.

Small and Medium Veins

have the largest diameter veins in the body that conduct blood toward the heart.

Large Veins

What carry blood directly from one capillary (or sinusoidal) bed to another without first returning to the heart.

Portal vessels

What is direct connections between arteries and veins that regulate blood flow by smooth muscle contraction. They are also important in regulating blood pressure and other physiologic processes such as erection and menstruation

Arteriovenous anastomosis

thinner-walled chambers located at the base (top) of the heart that collect returning blood.

Two atria (left and right)

thicker-walled chambers located in the body and apex of the heart.

Two ventricles (left and right)

What control the direction of blood flow through the heart. Each is a fold of endocardium enclosing a plate-like core of dense connective tissue that is anchored in, and continuous with, the annuli fibrosae.

Cardiac valves

Valve that is located between the right atrium and ventricle having three cusps (flaps).

Tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)

The free edge of tricuspid valve is anchored to the papillary muscles in the floor of each ventricle by fibrous cords called the?

chordae tendinae

What valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle. It has two cusps, each anchored by chordae tendinae to papillary muscles in the ventricle floor.

Bicuspid valve (Mitral or Left AV valve)

Each composed of three semilunar cusps which are not attached by chordae tendinae. Each has a characteristic thickening (nodule) at the center of its free edge.

Semilunar valves

Valve that is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aortic valve

Valve that is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary valve

What is the outermost layer covering the heart.

Epicardium (or visceral pericardium)

Epicardium is separated from the pericardium by a potential space, called the?

pericardial cavity

mesothelium layer of the epicardium

Superficial layer

layer of the epicardium that contains loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and some nerves

Middle layer

layer of the epicardium contains larger blood vessels and more fat and is continuous with the endomysium of the underlying cardiac muscle. Fat is particularly abundant along the course of the larger coronary vessels and nerves.

Deeper layer

What is the the middle layer, is the muscular and thickest part of the wall of the heart. It consists of the ordinary cardiac muscle cells, Purkinje fibers, blood vessels and nerves. It is homologous to the thinner media of vessels. It contains impulse-conducting system and parts of the cardiac skeleton. Each cardiac muscle fiber is surrounded by endomysium and each fascicle of fibers is surrounded by perimysium.

Myocardium

What is the innermost layer of the heart wall. The thickness varies inversely with the thickness of the myocardium it lines.

Endocardium

layer of the endocardium that consists of a delicate connective tissue membrane lined with endothelium that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels that leave the heart.

Innermost layer (endothelium)

layer of the endocardium that is the thickest; consists of dense connective tissue with many elastic fibers particularly in its inner part. The fiber are commonly disposed parallel with the surface, and in some sites where they are abundant, they alternate with layers of collagenic fibers, in outer part of this layer, smooth muscle fibers may be presen.

Middle layer (subendothelial connective tissue)

deepest layer of the endocardium consists of more irregularly arranged areolar connective tissue; contains fat, blood vessels and in certain sites.

Outermost layer (subendocardium)

This is the central supporting structure of the heart to which most of the muscle fibers are attached and with which the valves are connected.

Cardiac skeleton

The cardiac skeleton in ruminants and older animals has a bony structure and is termed?

os cordis

In dog, the cardiac skeleton is a?

true hyaline cartilage

part of the cardiac skeleton that is the fibrous (collagenous) portion of the inter-ventricular septum, which provides attachment for the free ends of some fibers of the cardiac musculature.

Septum membranaceum

part of the cardiac skeleton that are masses of fibrous (collagenous) tissue with islands of chondroid tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrio-ventricular canals.

Trigona fibrosa

part of the cardiac skeleton that are fibrous rings, which surround the origins of the aorta and pulmonary artery and the atrio-ventrivular canals. It consists of dense connective tissue with some fats and elastic fibers.

Annuli fibrosa

A little mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that are contained in substantial amount of dense fibro-elastic connective tissue. It is richly supplied with parasympathetic (slows down heart rate) and sympathetic (increases heart rate) nerve fibers. Since the cells of this node have the fastest intrinsic rhythm, they served as the pacemaker for the rest of the heart. Impulses generated in this node travel rather slowly through ordinary atrial cardiac muscle cells to the AV node. This slow conduction allows the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles begin theirs.

The Sinoatrial (SA) Node or Pacemaker Node

What is a cluster of cells located on the right side of the interatrial septum. As impulse leaves this node, it passes directly and rapidly along atrioventricular bundle.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

What is a bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that passes from the inter-atrial septum into the inter-ventricular septum. It terminates by giving off a smaller bundle (bundle branch) to each ventricle

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (of His)

What travel a short distance before branching further to form the Purkinje fibers?

Right and Left Bundle Branches

What are cardiac muscle cells specialized to conduct electrochemical impulses. The impulses are transmitted through the gap junctions between the Purkinje fibers and the cardiac muscle cells they contract. They are wider than the typical cardiac muscle cells and contain sparse myofilaments that are concentrated at the cell periphery. Like typical cardiac muscle cells, they may have one or two central nuclei and are connected by intercalated disks.

Purkinje Fibers

What are the last link in the impulse conduction chain. They do not only contract in response to impulse, but also can propagate (albeit more slowly) the impulses they received from the Purkinje fibers and pass them on to their neighbors. Thus, the cardiac musculature functions effectively as syncytium, its cells contracting as one in a synchronous, coordinated manner.

Ventricular Cardiac Muscle Cells

The main function of the lymph vascular system is to passively collect excess tissue fluid and proteins, called ?, from the intercellular spaces of the connective tissue and return it into the blood vascular system. It is a clear fluid and an ultrafiltrate of the blood plasma.

lymph

Thesevessels and ducts have walls that resemble those of veins.

Lymphatic vessels and ducts

These resemble blood capillaries in that they are simple squamos endothelial tube.

Lymph capillaries

The walls of larger vessels are too thick to receive nourishment by direct diffusion from the lumen. As a result, the walls of these vessels have their own small blood vessels called?

vasa vasorum