Chapter 4: Blood And Bone Marrow Flashcards
1
Q
is a fluid tissue that circulates through vascular channels to carry nutrients to the cells and waste products to the excretory organs
A
Blood
2
Q
the blood volume of large domestic animals is approximately what %?
A
8-11%
3
Q
the blood volume of large domestic animals is approximately 8-11% and that of common laboratory animals from mice to monkey, is approximately ? of body weight
A
6-7%
4
Q
the blood volume for most mammals is approximately ? of the total body weight
A
7-8%
5
Q
What layer of centrifuged blood is approximately 45% of the blood volume, is red, consists of erythrocytes and is called packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocri
A
lowest layer
6
Q
The lowest layer, approximately 45% of the blood volume, is red, consists of erythrocytes and is called?
A
packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit
7
Q
What layer is the thin gray white layer, the buffy coat, lies above the erythrocytes and accounts for approximately 1% of the blood volume. The buffy coat is composed of platelets above and leukocytes below
A
middle layer
8
Q
The thin gray white middle layer of contrifuges blood, called the ?, lies above the erythrocytes and accounts for approximately 1% of the blood volume. The buffy coat is composed of platelets above and leukocytes below
A
buffy coat
9
Q
What layer of centrifuged blood is plasma. On the average, approximately 7-10 x 106 erythrocytes, 8-12 x 103 leukocytes and 2-4 x 105 platelets per mm3 are common in most large domestic animals
A
uppermost layer
10
Q
The uppermost layer of centrifuged blood is called ? On the average, approximately 7-10 x 106 erythrocytes, 8-12 x 103 leukocytes and 2-4 x 105 platelets per mm3 are common in most large domestic animals.
A
plasma
11
Q
Blood has also a fibrous component present during blood clotting when fibrinogen is converted to?
A
fibrin
12
Q
What is the remaining blood fluid after removal of fibrinogen as fibrin?
A
Serum
13
Q
What are cellular component or formed elements of the blood?
A
Blood cells
14
Q
Mammalian blood contains all of the blood cells elements except?
A
thrombocytes
15
Q
Platelets are often referred to as thrombocytes, but, in avian species, the thrombocyte is a?
A
cell
16
Q
In mammalian species, the platelet is a?
A
cell fragment
17
Q
What are the most numerous cells in the blood. They stain pink with most routine procedures like Wright’s or Giemsa’s techniques. When mature, they are in the form of nonnucleated biconcave disk and lack cytoplasmic organelles
A
ERYTHROCYTES (Red Blood Cells or Rubricytes)
18
Q
ERYTHROCYTES cytoplasm contains oxygen-binding protein called?
A
hemoglobin
19
Q
Because hemoglobin lack mitochondria, the energy needed to maintain the hemoglobin in a functional state must be derived from?
A
anaerobic glycolysis
20
Q
In what solution erythrocytes do not undergo any change?
A
isotonic solution (like plasma)
21
Q
In what solution erythrocytes swell and assume a spherical shape.
A
hypotonic solution
22
Q
Excessive swelling makes the plasma membrane incapable of retaining hemoglobin. Hemoglobin escapes into the surrounding fluid, coloring it. This is known as?
A
hemolysis
23
Q
When hemolysis occurs, certain substances remain within the erythrocyte to leave a ? of the cell
A
“shadow” or “ghost”
24
Q
In what solution the erythrocyte shrinks irregularly and are said to be crenated?
A
hypertonic solution
25
What is the depth and size of concavity of erythrocytes are present in dogs, cows and sheep?
Typical biconcave erythrocytes
26
What is the depth and size of concavity of erythrocytes are present in horses and cats?
Shallow concavity erythrocytes
27
What is the depth and size of concavity of erythrocytes are in goats and pigs?
Flat erythrocytes
28
The center pale of mature erythrocytes in dogs is?
Readily visible
29
The center pale of mature erythrocytes in cats and horses is?
Less evident
30
The center pale of mature erythrocytes in cows, sheep, goats and pigs is?
Absent
31
What animal have the largest erythrocytes (7.0 mu) of all domestic animals?
Dogs
32
What animal have the smallest erythrocytes (4.1 mu)?
Goats
33
This abnormality in RBC refers to the presence of a high percentage of RBC’s with unusually great variations in size
Anisocytosis (variation in size)
34
Those excessively large cells|erythrocytes (larger than 9 mu in diameter) are termed?
macrocytes
35
Those excessively large cells|erythrocytes (larger than 9 mu in diameter) are termed macrocytes, and those very small ones (smaller than 6 mu) are termed?
microcytes
36
Spindle, rod, pear and triangle shape erythrocytes are normally seen in?
goats
37
Erythrocytes of Family Cemellidae have a characteristic of what shape?
elliptical shape
38
Such abnormal cells(erythrocytes) called ? may take the form of sickles, burrs, ovals or spheres
poikilocytes
39
What are immature anuclear erythrocytes that appear polychromatic (pinkish-blue color) on Wright’s stained blood films?
Reticulocytes
40
In some disease states, nuclear fragments or Howell-Jolly bodies, remain in otherwise mature RBC. When these form circular filaments they are termed?
Cobot rings
41
What are non-refractile nuclear remnants, which are small, round, pyknotic and deeply basophilic inclusions within the erythrocytes. They are DNA fragments that derived from nuclear karyorrhexis.
Howell-Jolly bodies
42
are erythrocyte refractile bodies, which appear as pale areas within the cytoplasm resulting from the oxidation of hemoglobin
Heinz bodies
43
This is a condition when erythrocytes tend to adhere to each other and form long chain resembling stacks of coins. This phenomenon occurs only when blood is stagnant, not when it is circulating.
Rouleaux formation
44
Rouleaux formation of erythrocytes in horses and cats is?
Prominent
45
Rouleaux formation of erythrocytes in dogs and pigs is?
Intermediate
46
Rouleaux formation of erythrocytes in blood of ruminants is?
Rare
47
through their hemoglobin content, carry and supply oxygen to body tissues
Erythrocytes
48
Hemoglobin can bind reversibly with oxygen to form?
oxyhemoglobin
49
Hemoglobin can bind reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and to carbon dioxide to form?
carbaminohemoglobin
50
hemoglobin can bind irreversibly to carbon dioxide to form ?, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
carboxyhemoglobin
51
Reduced hemoglobin is rather what color than red?
blue
52
What form of erythrocyte which gives a surface area from 20 - 30% greater than that of a sphere?
biconcave form
53
What structure of erythrocytes, which protect them from injury and allow them to bend at bifurcation in capillaries?
round edges and resilient elastic structure
54
This type of blood cell are typical cells that possess a nucleus, cytoplasm and other cell organelles, motile to some extent, larger and less numerous than erythrocytes. Whereas, the RBC performs their main function in the blood, this blood cell leaves the blood and move into the tissues to carry out their functions.
LEUKOCYTES (White Blood Cells)
55
What cytoplasmic granules found in leukocytes are found only in granulocytes; their staining properties distinguish the three granulocyte types?
Specific granules
56
What cytoplasmic granules found in leukocytes occur both in granulocytes and agranulocytes. Their content of lytic enzymes suggests that they function as lysosomes?
Azurophilic granules
57
What group of leukocytes have unsegmented nuclei and are described as mononuclear leukocytes. They lack specific cytoplasmic granules, but may contain azurophilic granules (0.05-0.25 nanometer in diameter). They are rounded cells with rounded nuclei.
AGRANULOCYTES
58
What are the most common agranulocytes (next to neutrophils) comprising about 20-30% of the normal leukocyte number in the blood? It varies from 6 to 18 nanometer in diameter, with spherical nuclei often flattened or slightly indented on one side, densely heterochromatic, staining purplish blue to black and nearly fills the cell. The cytoplasm exhibits a pale basophilia and occasionally contains a few purplish azurophilic granules but lacks specific granules. They are characterized by a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.
LYMPHOCYTES
59
What are the predominant lymphocytes in the circulating blood? They are the smallest leukocyte (7-8 nanometer), making them comparable in size to erythrocytes.
Small lymphocytes
60
What lymphocytes are difficult to distinguish from monocytes?
Medium lymphocytes
61
What lymphoctes typically occur in extravascular tissues such as lymphatic tissue?
Large lymphocytes
62
)constitute 10-12% of blood lymphocytes)
- They are responsible for production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) in response to antigenic stimulation.
- They are the basis for the blood-borne or humoral antibody immunity in the organism.
- They occur in the bone marrow, bursa of Fabricius (in birds), germinal centers of lymphatic nodules and splenic nodules.
B-lymphocytes (B cells)
63
(constitute 70-75% of blood lymphocytes)
- They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
- These cells occur in the thymus, paracortical zones of lymphatic nodules and the periarteriolar zone or splenic corpuscles.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
64
Most of the circulating lymphocytes are?
T cells
65
The long-lived B and T cells are believed to be?
memory cells
66
What cells secrete substances that kill other cells and in some cases kill by direct contact; they play the major role in graft rejection?
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
67
What cells constitute 10-15% of blood lymphocytes?
Null cells
68
What cells enhance the activity of some B cells and other T cells?
Helper T cells
69
What cells inhibit the activity of some B cells and other T cells?
Suppressor T cells
70
What cells are lymphocytes that undergo blast transformation (a process of enlargement and sequential mitosis) when stimulated by an antigen. They are the daughter cells that return to an inactive state but retain the capacity to respond more quickly to the next encounter with the same antigen.
Memory cells
71
What cells are the other daughter cells of lymphocytes resulting from blast transformation that becomes activated to carry out an immune response to the antigen. It can be derived from either B or T lymphocytes.
Effector cells
72
What are low molecular weight proteins that are produced primarily by T cells?
Lymphokines
73
What causes macrophages to aggregate?
Macrophage Aggregating Factor (MAP)
74
What stimulates lymphocytes to divide?
Mitogenic Factor (MF)
75
What prevents the replication of viruses?
Interferon
76
What are consistently the largest of the blood vascular elements often confused with large lymphocytes. They have a diameter of 12 to 15 nanometer, ovoid nuclei, but are usually kidney or horseshoe shape and eccentrically placed and stained reddish purple. The cytoplasm is faint blue-gray with many small azurophilic granules and no specific granules.
MONOCYTES
77
What agranulocytes are found only in the blood, but they remain in the circulation for less than a week before migrating to the capillary walls to enter other tissues or to become incorporated in the lining of sinuses. Once outside the bloodstream, they become phagocytic and apparently, do not recirculate.
Monocytes
78
What system consists of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells distributed throughout the body?
Mononuclear phagocytic system
79
What group of leukocytes have segmented nuclei described as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). Depending on the cell type, the mature nucleus may have 2-7 lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm. Granulocytes are most easily distinguished by their size and staining properties and by the appearance of abundant specific cytoplasmic granules.
GRANULOCYTES
80
What are the most frequently encountered granulocytes. They have fine cytoplasmic granules that are neither basophilic nor acidophilic that appear from light pink to purple depending on the stain used. It may stain pale grayish blue containing with fine dust-like structures. The nucleus is segmented which may have from 3 to 5 lobes connected by a fine strand of nucleoplasm. The chromatin is dense, clumped and plague. Neutrophils with V- U- or S-shaped non-constricted nuclei are considered to be immature and are referred to as a band or non-segmented cells. They are approximately 10 to 12 nanometer in diameter with a life span in the blood stream of 5 days.
NEUTROPHILS
81
What granulocytes has these functions:
- Considered the first line of defense in the body.
- Their primary function is phagocytosis of various particles, bacteria and other microorganisms. This is very apparent in acute local inflammation
neutrophils
82
What are the next most frequently encountered granulocytes in the blood. They have definite acidophillic granules and stain red with eosin. It accounts for 2- 8% of the leukocytes, measuring 10-15 nanometer in diameter. It has a bilobed nuclei surrounded by a prominent acidophilic granules 0.5-1.0 nanometer in size. The two nuclear lobes may not always be connected and are often obscured by the granules. The life span is 3 to 5 days. Their numbers are reduced by corticosteroids.
EOSINOPHILS
83
What granulocytes has these functions:
- They migrate into tissues diseased by parasites. Although parasites are too large to be phagocytized, eosinophils attached themselves by way of special surface molecules to the parasites and release substances that may kill them.
- They also have special propensity to collect in tissues in which allergic reactions have occurred, such as peribronchial tissues of the lungs in asthma and in the skin for skin allergic reactions.
- Detoxify some of the inflammatory-inducing substances released by the mast cells and basophils
- Phagocytize and destroy antibody complexes, thus, preventing the spread of local inflammatory process.
EOSINOPHILS
84
What are the least numerous of the granulocytes in the blood. They vary in diameter from 10 to 12 nanometer but are usually slightly smaller the neutrophils. The nuclei contain highly condensed chromatin and usually consist of three lobes twisted into an S-shape. The specific granules are round to irregular shapes, coarse, vary in size, stain metachromatically and appear reddish-violet to nearly black in stained blood smears.
BASOPHILS
85
What granulocytes has these functions:
- Release heparin and histamine from their specific granules by exocytosis in response to allergic stimuli.
- They may increase in certain type of parasitism like the canine heartworm disease.
BASOPHILS
86
This type of blood cell are the smallest formed elements in the blood, are disk-like cytoplasmic fragments of large cell (metamegakaryocyte) about 1/4 the diameter of RBCs. They are membrane-bound, round to oval fragments that contain central basophilic region (chromomere) and a pale homogeneous peripheral zone (hyalomere). They are colorless and nonnucleated. They originate in the bone marrow from giant cells (megakaryocytes). Their number varies from 250,000 to 600,000 per cubic ml.
THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
87
Mammalian platelets are often referred to as?
thrombocytes
88
This type of blood cell has these functions:
- Participate in hemostasis. They are the source of thromboplastin, which initiates blood clotting.
- By their serotonin content, they are important mediators of vasoconstriction.
- By combining with bacteria, they aid phagocytosis by serving as opsonins.
THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
89
What is the primary site for production of all blood cells in the adult animal mainly in the end of the long bones of the skull, spine, ribs, breastbone and thighs?
bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
90
The bone marrow (myeloid tissue) is the primary site for production of all blood cells in the adult animal mainly in the end of the long bones of the skull, spine, ribs, breastbone and thighs. The complex process called ___________?, involves cell-cell interactions within the microenvironment of the marrow as well as humoral feedback systems from the peripheral target tissues.
hemopoiesis
91
The bone marrow is frequently referred to as the ?, to differentiate it from the extramedullary hemopoiesis that occurs in some peripheral organs (lymph nodes, spleen and thymus).
myeloid or myelogenous hemopoietic tissue
92
What is a hypercellular and highly vascularized form of connective tissue, which is associated intimately with bone as an organ. It is contained within the marrow or medullary cavity
marrow tissue
93
During growth and development, all of the marrow is ?. In the adult, the ? is confined to limited number of areas such as sternebrae, vertebrae, ribs and cranial bones.
red bone marrow
94
During growth and development, all of the marrow is red bone marrow. In the adult, the red bone marrow is confined to limited number of areas such as sternebrae, vertebrae, ribs and cranial bones. The remaining areas will be replaced by?
yellow bone marrow
95
The red color of this type is due to the accumulation of erythrocytes, erythrocytic precursors and their contained pigments.
RED BONE MARROW
96
Red bone marrow in a hemopoietic tissue is often called?
myeloid tissue
97
The primary function of the red bone marrow is the production of?
blood cell production
98
What is a marrow tissue, which consists mainly of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue replaces most of the blood cell producing elements of the hemopoietic compartment.
yellow bone marrow
99
Under conditions of stress (including disease), the yellow bone marrow can revert to an active?
hemopoietic tissue
100
101
102
What is the production of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes undergo several stages of differentiation before they become mature. As the erythrocytes age, they are removed from the circulation by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, especially those from the spleen.
Erythropoiesis
103
What is characterized by a deep basophilic cytoplasm and a large, round, pale staining, vesicular nucleus. It can undergo mitosis and may differentiate from more primitive stem cells.
Hemocytoblast
104
What is the first cell in the erythrocytic series. The nucleus is primitive and somewhat smaller than that of the hemocytoblast. The cytoplasm is more basophilic than that of the hemocytoblast.
Rubriblast (proerythroblast or pronormoblast)
105
What is smaller than hemocytoblast & rubriblast and has a coarsely distributed chromatin in the nucleus and an intensely basophilic cytoplasm. Nucleoli are either poorly defined or absent. High mitotic activity.
Prorubricyte (basophilic erythroblast, basophilic normoblast)
106
has a small cell with a small, round and dense nucleus. Nucleoli are not apparent. The cytoplasm has a mottled basophilic and acidophilic appearance due to presence of hemoglobin and RNA.
Rubricyte (polychromatophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic normoblast)
107
What is characterized by an acidophilic cytoplasm that is very similar to the mature erythrocytes. The nucleus becomes very condensed and eventually pyknotic. The nucleus is lost eventually by simple extrusion from the cell or by karyolysis.
Metarubricyte (orthochromatic erythroblast, normoblast)
108
the cytoplasm is diffusely basophilic. Basophilia is due to accumulation of ribonucleoproteins for cellular synthesis.
Reticulocyte (polychromatophilic erythrocyte, diffusely basophilic erythrocyte)
109
What is the mature RBC. The circulating RBC’s of the embryo are nucleated and probably represent metarubricytes.
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
110
What is the production of granulocytes called?
Granulopoiesis
111
What is the earliest progenitor of the granulocytic series. It is large with basophilic cytoplasm that is usually darker in the periphery than in the perinuclear region. The nucleus is large, finely reticular and red-staining. Two or more nucleoli may be observed.
Myeloblast
112
the daughter cell of myeloblast, is a large cell which may even be larger that the hemocytoblast. The nucleus is round with coarsely distributed chromatin. Nucleoli are not readily observed. Granules are present and vary from acidophilic to basophilic. There is a gradual decrease in nonspecific granules and a gradual increase in specific granules. Mitotic activity is high.
Promyelocyte (progranulocyte)
113
What is the last stage to form by mitosis from the parent cell(Promyelocyte), is the first recognizable stage of the specific granulocytes. The nucleus is smaller and chromatin is coarser than the previous stages. The nucleus is also more oval than round and a slight indentation may be apparent. There is an increase in number of specific granules. Mitosis is high.
Myelocyte (basophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte, neutrophilic myelocyte)
114
What is characterized by bean-shaped or horseshoe appearance. The cytoplasm is slightly acidophilic and filled with specific granules. A neutrophilic metamyelocyte is also referred to as juvenile.
Metamyelocyte (basophilic metamyelocyte, eosinophilic metamyelocyte, neutrophilic metamyelocyte)
115
What is characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
Band cell (basophilic band cell, eosinophilic band cell, neutrophilic band cell)
116
What is the production of lymphocytes and monocytes. This occurs in the lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow.
Agranulopoiesis
117
What is the production of lymphocytescalled?
Lymphopoiesis
118
What lymphoctes are long- lived cells that may remain in the body for months or years?
T-lymphocytes
119
What lymphoctes are short-lived (3-4 days) and most of them degenerate within the thymus?
Thymocytes
120
What is the largest cell of the lymphocytic series. It has large, round vesicular nuclei with one or more prominent nucleoli and has a basophilic cytoplasm.
Lymphoblast
121
Lymphoblast is sometimes called?
large lymphocyte
122
What is smaller cell with a nucleus that contains more coarsely clumped heterochromatin. It is also called medium lymphocyte.
Prolymphocyte
123
What is the production of monocytes called?
Monopoiesis
124
What is relatively small, pool of monocyte precursors in the bone marrow?
Monoblast
125
What is the earliest recognizable cell of this lineage(monocytic series), is a large cell (15-20 nanometer in diameter), blue-stained cytoplasm with numerous free polyribosomes, well-developed Golgi complex, small amount of rER and few azurophilic granules. The oval or spherical large nucleus contains 2-5 nucleoli.
Promonocyte
126
From promonocytes, it becomes smaller (12-18 nanometer in diameter), and the cytoplasm tends to stain blue gray. Nucleus may become indented on one side and nucleoli persist. Monocytes enter the blood as relatively immature cells, reaching their full functional potential only when they move into the tissues.
Monocyte
127
What is the production of platelets called?
Thrombocytopoiesis
128
This cell that comprise the thrombocytic series has a lightly basophilic cytoplasm and a red, finely granular nucleus.
Megakaryoblast
129
What is the cell larger than megakaryoblast and two nuclei may be present. The cytoplasm contains basophilic granules.
Promegakarocyte
130
What is larger than the promegakarocyte. Karyokinesis occurs as many as 16 nuclei may form. These subsequently fused to the characteristic bulged or lobed nucleus of the cell.
Megakaryocyte
131
What is the largest cell in the thrombocytic series. It is similar to megakaryocyte except that platelets appear at the periphery of the cell.
Metamegakaryocyte
132
What form metamegakaryocyte by an exocytic process in which they pinch off from the cell surface?
Platelets
133
What develops from B- lymphocytes that undergo mitotic divisions and morphologic changes?
Plasma Cell Development
134
What is pear-shaped, 14 - 24 nanometer in diameter, has abundant deep stained basophilic cytoplasm (N/C = 2:1) with mottled and splotchy appearance. Nucleus is eccentric usually in the narrow end. Chromatin is coarse and displays 2 or 3 nuclei
Plasmablast
135
What is not significantly smaller than the plasmablast. Chromatin is coarser with 1 or 2 distinct nucleoli. The greatest change occurs in the cytoplasm. There is extreme basophilia, indicative of protein synthesis, and the pale juxtanuclear halo is visible. This area is occupied by the well-developed Golgi complex.
Proplasmacyte
136
What cells in the bone marrow resembles the megakaryocyte more than does any other cell types, because they are both multinucleated, have slightly basophilic, heterogeneous textured cytoplasm and are about the same size. However, nucleus in this cell is separated but in the megakayocyte it is multilobulated with all lobules attached to each other.
Osteoclast
137
What cells in the bone marrow and proplasmacyte appear similar because both have prominent Golgi complex that creates a cytoplasmic pale area. However, it is not immediately adjacent to the nucleus in this cell, as it is in plasmacyte, but it occupies an area somewhat away from the nucleus. Likewise, the basophilia so characteristic of plasmacyte is not so intense in this cell.
Osteoblast
