Chapter 3: Connective And Supportive Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
These tissues have great morphologic, topographic and structural diversities. With the exceptions of blood and lymph
A
Connective and supportive tissues
2
Q
the connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular material, known as the?
A
matrix
3
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is composed of irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells with many and often long processes
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Mesenchyme
4
Q
These cells undergo numerous mitotic divisions and continuously change their shape and location to adapt to the transformation that occurs during the embryonic growth
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Mesenchyme cells
5
Q
This connective tissue is found primarily in the embryonic hypodermis and umbilical
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Gelatinous (mucous) connective tissue
6
Q
What is the fusiform-shaped connective tissue cell that is the most common connective tissue cell; these cells are young and exhibit synthetic activity
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fibroblasts
7
Q
The main function of this connective tissue cell is to synthesize collagen, reticular and elastic fibers , and the extracellular matrix
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fibroblast
8
Q
are mature cells and are smaller than the fibroblast
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fibrocytes
9
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These cells store fat and may occur singly or in groups
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adipose (fat) cells
10
Q
When the adipose cells predominate, the tissue is called?
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adipose tissue
11
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These cells provide protective packing material in and around numerous organs
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adipose cells
12
Q
These cells, are numerous in connective tissue regions, especially in the loose connective tissue. In fact, the these cells may resemble the fibroblasts
A
macrophages, or histiocytes
13
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These cells are spherical to ovoid cells filled with fine, dark-staining granules. These cells are widely distributed in the connective tissue of the skin and the digestive and respiratory organs, and usually are closely associated with blood vessels
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mast cells
14
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The main function of these cells is to synthesize and release heparin and histamine
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mast cells
15
Q
What substance of mast cell is a weak anticoagulant of the blood.
A
Heparin I human mast cells
16
Q
This substance from mast cell is a potent mediator of inflammation: it dilates blood vessels, increase their permeability to fluid, and produces edema.
A
Histamine
17
Q
These cells are numerous in the connective tissue region of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
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plasma cells
18
Q
The main function of these cells is to synthesize and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into circulation, aiding the body in its defense against bacterial infections.
A
plasma cells
19
Q
what cells migrate into the connective tissue from the blood vessel?
A
white blood cells, or leukocytes
20
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The main function of these cells is to defend the organism against bacterial invasion or the presence of foreign material
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white blood cells, or leukocytes
21
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These white blood cells are active phagocytes, found in great number at the site of bacterial invasion and infection. They readily engulf and destroy bacteria in these sites
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neutrophils
22
Q
These white blood cells increase in number following parasitic infections or allergic reaction. Their main function is the phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes formed during allergic reactions
A
eosinophils
23
Q
These white blood cells are filled with basophilic granules, which contain heparin and histamine. Their function is similar to that of the mast cells; they respond to antigen by liberating histamine and inducing an inflammatory response
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basophils
24
Q
These white blood cells are most numerous in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Their main function is to respond to invasion of pathogens and foreign material. The lymphocytes mediate immune responses to antigens
A
lymphocytes
25
three types of connective tissue fibers:
collagen, elastic and reticular
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These fibers are most abundant among the three type of connective tissue fibers and are found in almost all types of connective tissue. They are most highly concentrated in those areas of the body where strong support and high tensile strength are needed such as in tendons, ligaments and organ capsules. These fibers do not branch.
Collagen fibers
27
Collagen fibers exhibit great tensile strength and can be stretched only to and approximately what % of their initial length?
5%
28
Collagen fibers is generally oriented in what directions?
random directions
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The basic unit structure of collagen fibers is the ? approximately 1 nm wide
tropocollagen molecule
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Tropocollagen molecules polymerize to form - 1.? - polymerize to form 2.? - polymerize to form 3.?
1. microfibrils
2. fibrils
3. fibers
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are composed of collagen molecules consisting of three polypeptide helices, referred to as alpha chains, which are coiled around each other in superhelix.
Collagen fibrils
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Collagen fibrils are composed of collagen molecules consisting of three polypeptide helices, referred to as ?, which are coiled around each other in superhelix.
alpha chains
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building blocks of collagen molecules that are rich in glysine and lysine and also contain large amounts of hydroxylysine.
Collagen alpha chains
34
What type of collagen is the most commonly occurring collagen found in bone, skin, tendons, and ligaments.
Type I collagen
35
What type of collagen is predominates in cartilage.
Type II collagen
36
What type of collagen is found in embryonic connective tissues and skin.
Type III collagen
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What type of collagen occurs in the basal laminae of adult organism.
Type IV collagen
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What type of collagen occurs mainly in the embryo and a variety of locations of the adult.
Type V collagen
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These fibers are thin and small, exhibit branching, and have less tensile strength than the collagen fibers. When stretched, they return to their original size (recoil) without deformation. These fibers are found in the lung, bladder, and skin, as well as in the elastic cartilage of such large blood vessels as the aorta, where stretching without breaking or distortion is essential for proper function of the organs.
Elastic fibers or sheets (laminae)
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Elastic fibers or sheets (laminae) can be stretched as much as ? their original lengt
2 1/2 times
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This is the main component of elastic fiber. It is an amorphous protein of low electron density. This component of elastic fiber are randomly coiled and joined by stable covalent cross-link
Elastin
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Elastin is the main component of elastic fiber. It is an amorphous protein of low electron density. The elastin molecules are randomly coiled and joined by?
stable covalent cross-link
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The two major stable covalent cross-link of elastin are? which are derivatives of lysine. They are synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells as tropoelastin.
desmosine and isodesmosine
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This is the secondary component of elastic fibers. Its material is a glycoprotein rich cystine. They are secreted prior to elastin and provide scaffolding on which elastin form fibers and sheet.
Microfibril
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These fibers are thin and form a delicate net-like framework around capillaries, muscle fibers, nerves, adipose cells, and hepatocytes. It serves as scaffolding to support cells or cell groups of endocrine, lymphatic and blood-forming organs. They are integral part of the basement membrane. The fibers normally are not visible with histologic stains unless they are stained with silver impregnation or with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS).
Reticular fibers
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THE ? in the connective tissue is an amorphous, transparent, colorless material with the properties of a semi-fluid gel and high water content. It surrounds the cells and fibers of, and provides structural support for, the connective tissue
GROUND SUBSTANCE
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Waste products from the cells diffuse through the ? back to the blood vessels
ground substance
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A large, non-sulfated molecule that holds a lot of water, forming a gel-like substance. It helps keep tissues hydrated and is found in the eyes (vitreous humor), joints (synovial fluid), umbilical cord, skin, and cartilage.
Hyaluronic acid
49
This types of proteoglycans is abundant in cartilage, bone, skin and cornea.
Chondroitin-6-sulfate
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This types of proteoglycans is found in skin, tendon, ligamentun nuchae, sclera and lungs.
Dermatan sulfate
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This types of proteoglycans is present in cartilage, bone and cornea.
Keratan sulfate
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This types of proteoglycans is found in the arteries and lungs.
Heparan sulfate
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This types of proteoglycans is found in mast cells, lung, liver and skin.
Heparin
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What are classified depending on the amount, type, arrangement and abundance of cells, fibers, and ground substance.
adult connective tissues
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This adult connective tissue is loose, irregularly arranged, or areolar connective tissue, the most widely distributed type of connective tissue in the adult animal.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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What adult connective tissue is present around blood vessels and nerves, between muscle bundles and layers of smooth musculature of hollow organs, beneath epithelia, interstitial tissue in most organs, pia mater and arachnoid.
Loose connective tissue
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This adult connective tissue contains thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers. As a result, there are fewer cell types present and less ground substance.
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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This dense connective tissue, the collagen fibers have a random orientation and, therefore can resist pulling forces from all directions. This dense connective tissue is present in the skin, in capsules of different organs, and in other areas where strong support is needed. This dense connective tissue exhibits a dense packing of collagen fibers in characteristically parallel arrangement. As a result, these fibers offer strong resistance to forces pulling along a single axis.
Dense irregular connective tissue
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This dense connective tissue has a regular arrangement of fibers and is best seen in the tendons that surround the muscles and ligaments that attach the bones. These organs are constantly subject to strong pulling forces.
Dense regular connective tissue
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This adult connective tissue is composed of stellate reticular cells and a complex three-dimensional network of reticular fibers. The stroma of all lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph node, hemal node, tonsils), diffuse lymphatic nodules, and bone
marrow is made up of this adult connective tissue.
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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This is a specialized type of adult connective tissue that, in addition to performing insulating and mechanical functions, plays an important role in the metabolism of the organism
ADIPOSE TISSUE or fat
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This adipose tissue is the most common type of fat in the body. It consists of fat cells that each contain a single large fat droplet, which pushes the nucleus and other cell components to the edge, giving the cell a "signet-ring" shape. These fat cells primarily store energy and help insulate the body. When viewed under a microscope, the fat inside the cells is often removed during preparation, making them appear as empty spaces surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm
White adipose tissue, or white fat
63
Brown fat cells present a multiple small individual lipid droplets scattered throughout the cytoplasm (multilocular). The round nuclei may assume any position within the cell. It is common in rodents and hibernating mammals, where it is located primarily in the axillary and neck regions (interscapular fat body), along the thoracic aorta and in the mediastinum, mesenteries, around the aorta and vena cava dorsal to the kidney.
Brown adipose tissue
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The brown color of brown adipose tissue is due to numerous what organelle of cell? with high concentration of cytochromes.
mitochondria
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This adult supportive tissue is a special form of connective tissue whose main function is to support soft tissues. It consists of cells and matrix.
Cartilage
66
The cartilage forms from mesenchyme cells that differentiate into?
chondroblasts
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Chondroblasts divides mitotically, grow, and synthesize the cartilage matrix and the extracellular material. Gradually, individual chondroblasts become surrounded by extracellular matrix and are trapped in the space called?
lacuna
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The trapped cells in lacuna are matured cartilage cells and are called?
chondrocytes
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groups of chondrocytes are called?
isogenous groups.
70
A layer of connective tissue called the ? surrounds most of the cartilage in the body.
perichondrium
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This growth involves expansion of pre-existing cartilage by mitosis of the chondrocytes within the matrix and the deposition of new matrix between the cells. This process increases the cartilage size from within.
Interstitial growth
72
This growth occurs peripherally. This is the addition of new cartilage upon pre-existing cartilage. The chondroblast differentiate from the inner connective tissue perichondrium and deposit a layer of cartilage that is apposed to the existing cartilage layer.
Appositional growth
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This component of cartilage are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells located in the inner (chondrogenic) layer of the perichondrium.
Chondrogenic cells
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This component of cartilage are young differentiated active cellls which synthesize and secrete the matrix components of the cartilage.
Chondroblast
75
This component of cartilage are chondroblasts enveloped by their own secretions and become isolated in the lacunae. These cells are mainly responsible for the maintenance and turnover of matrix materials. They have reduced synthesizing and secretory activity.
Chondrocytes
76
This component of cartilage are multinucleated giant cells responsible for removing cartilage matrix and cells. They are common during developmental stages of the cartilage. They are important in shaping the developing cartilage into its adult replica.
Chondroclast
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Chondroclast is also termed as?
cartilage eater
78
This type of cartilage is the most common type in the body. In the embryo this cartilage serves as a skeletal for most bones, which form by the process of endochondral ossification. In adults, most of this cartilage has been replaced by bone, except on the articular surfaces of bones ends of ribs (costal cartilage), nose, larynx, trachea, and in the bronchi. In these organs, hyaline cartilage provides important structural and flexible support.
- Grossly has a white glassy appearance (hyalos = glass).
- Enclosed by perichondrium except the hyaline cartilage of articular surfaces of bone which is devoid of perichondrium.
- Chondrocytes may cluster to form isogenous group or cell nests
- Predominant fiber is fine collagenous fiber
Hyaline cartilage
79
This cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, except for the presence of numerous elastic fibers in its matrix. This type of cartilage allows increase flexibility and support to the organs. This cartilage is found in the pinna of the ear, external auditory meatus, in the walls of the auditory tube, in the epiglottis, and in the larynx.
- More resilient than hyaline cartilage
- Contains both collagenous and elastic fibers
- Cell nests are more frequent than in hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
80
This cartilage is characterized by the presence of irregular, dense bundles of collagen fibers. The cartilage is important in the areas of the body where durability, tensile strength, weight bearing, and resistance to stretch or compression are essential. It is found in the inter-vertebral discs, the symphysis pubis, and attachment of certain tendons and ligaments and in menisci.
- Presents large collagenous fascicles (bundles) oriented in an orderly array and are separated by isolated portions of cartilage
- Has a herringbone configuration in which collagenous bundles are oriented to each other in the form of a V
- Has limited amount of cartilage matrix components and more collagenous bundles
Fibrocartilage
81
This is a very specialized connective tissue that consists of few cells and fibers embedded in a mineralized matrix (hard, unbending substance) well suited for the supportive and protective functions it performs. The method of secretion and the manner in which the cells become embedded in the matrix are similar to those of cartilage
Bone
82
Cellular components of bone that are the only bone cells that actively divide. They give rise to other bone cells.
Mesenchymal cells (also called osteoprogenitor cells or osteogenic cells)
83
Cellular components of bone that are bone-forming cells of the body. They are responsible for secretion of the fibers and the amorphous ground substance. They also serve as storage cells of the mineral used for the mineralization of bone. They cover most bone trabecular spaces. They are characterized by a weakly basophilic nucleus and a single, round or oval nucleus. Their activity is biphasic. The first phase involves the secretion of organic mineral (fibers and amorphous ground substance). The second phase involves the deposition of mineral substance on the osteoid.
Osteoblasts
84
Cellular components of bone that are osteoblast that has become embedded in their own secretions. They are located in the spaces called lacunae. They are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic or osteocytic processes, which are located in the canaliculi. They are responsible for maintaining the matrix of the bone. They are also capable of removing bone matrix (osteolysis) and synthesize and secrete matrix minerals but to lesser extent than the osteoblasts. They contribute to the formation of osteoclasts by fusing with them.
Osteocytes
85
Cellular components of bone that are multinucleated giant cells of the body that are responsible for the removal of bone. The first three types of bone cells contribute to the formation of osteoclasts.
Osteoclasts
86
The process of bone removal mediated by osteoclasts is called?
osteoclasia
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Osteoclasts reside on the surface of bones in concavities called?
Howship’s lacunae
88
This type of bone is also known as cancellous, spongy or trabecular bone. It is the first bone that forms in ossification centers of the fetus and primary spongiosa of developing adolescent bone. It is also the first bone that forms at the site of fracture repair. It occurs in the alveolar bone associated with the teeth at the points of attachments of ligaments and tendons of bone. This bone is always replaced by lamellar bone.
Woven bone (immature or fibrous)
89
This type of bone is also known as compact, interstitial, osteonal or circumferential bone comprises the bulk of adult skeleton. This bone always passes through a woven stage.
Lamellar bone (mature)
90
Configuration of bone is arranged into spicules or trabeculae. It is characterized by more interosseous space and less bone substance.
Cancellous bone
91
Configuration of bone is organized into lamellae or osteons called Haversian systems. It is characterized by more bone substance and less interosseous space.
Compact bone
92
This envelope of bone is the outer covering of the bone. It covers the entire bone except the articular surfaces. It consists of a fibrous outer layer and a cellular (osteogenic) inner layer. The osteogenic layer is the source of bone cells. This envelope of bone is well-vascularized. It also has a proliferative activity
Periosteum
93
This envelope of bone is the inner covering of bone that lines the marrow canals (Haversian and Volkmann’s canals). It has the layers as the periosteum, however, the outer fibrous layer is much thinner and consists mainly of areolar connective tissue. This envelope of bone is continuous with the periosteum in the Volkmann’s canal.
Endosteum
94
Lamellated bone is typical of periosteum and portions of endosteum. It consists of successive lamellae or laminae or mature bone deposited in extensive sheets that are referred to as the outer circumferential lamellae or periosteal lamellae. The endosteum also gives rise to the inner circumferential lamellae surrounding marrow cavity.
Lamellae of bone
95
This is a lamellar bone that comprises osteons or Haversian systems. It is deposited in concentric lamellae or sheet around an osteonal or Haversian canal. The peripheral limits of the osteonal bone are marked by a reversal line or cement line. The osteonal canal contains blood vessels as well as cells of the osteonal endosteum. Lamellae of bone between the concentric osteonal bone are called interstitial lamellae.
Osteonal bone
96
These are the structural units or the basic units of structure of bone. In their simpliest form, they are long cylinders with a hollow cavity, the osteonal or Haversian canal in their center.
Osteons
97
What is the process by which bone is formed? This process is made possible through the secretory activity of the osteoblasts
Osteogenesis
98
Osteoblasts deposit a matrix that subsequently becomes mineralized (calcified). This process of mineralization is called?
ossification
99
This ossification is the mineralization of a generally membranous environment where fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells as well as collagenous fibers are present. Bones of the skull develop by intramembranous ossification.
Intramembranous ossification
100
This ossification is the mineralization of an environment previously occupied by a cartilage. The cartilage acts as temporary support or scaffold upon which bone is deposited. The cartilage is not transformed into bone. Instead, the cartilage is destroyed and is eventually replaced by bone. This type is responsible for,the longitudinal growth of the bones of the body e.g. long bones such as femur and radius.
Endochondral ossification
101
This zone is juxtaposed to the epiphyseal endplate. The cells do not divide.
Zone of resting chondrocytes
102
This zone is responsible for the elongation of bone. The zone is characterized by stacks of thin, wedge-shape cells that are actively mitotic. The stacks represent isogenous groups or cell nests.
Zone of proliferative chondrocytes
103
This zone is the region characterized by: larger cells and lacunae, more rounded lacunae, and obvious columnation of cells.
Zone of maturing chondrocytes
104
This is a narrow zone adjacent to the maturation zone characterized by larger cells and thin transverse septa (the cartilage matrix between chondrocytes).
Zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes
105
This zone consists of cells, the matrix of which undergoes calcification. Blood capillaries are found in this zone.
Zone of calcified cartilage
106
maybe defined as a loss of continuity or structural integrity of bones.
Fracture
107
This healing of bone is characterized by the direct formation of bone without the formation of an intermediary cartilaginous support structure (callus).
Primary intention healing of bone
108
This healing of bone involves the formation of external supportive structure of cartilage, callus, during the repair process.
Secondary intention healing of bone
109
This stage of repair is the manifestation of damage or trauma on the bone.
Impact stage
110
This stage of repair is characterized by the proliferation, differentiation and modulation of new bone cells to replace those that were damaged.
Induction stage
111
This stage of repair is characterized by redness, pain, swelling and heat in the fracture bone. During this stage, devitalized tissue and hematoma are removed by inflammatory cells.
Inflammatory stage
112
This stage of repair is characterized by the migration of new cells and blood vessels from the endosteum toward the fracture site to invade the hematoma and bridge the gap with a fibro-cellular hyperplastic tissue that eventually will form bone. The new osseous tissue (cancellous bone) derived from endosteum is called internal callus. There is also the formation of external callus from the periosteum.
Reparative stage
113
This stage of repair is characterized by bonding of new bone formed to the dead and live bone and the eventual return to normal of the fracture portion of the bone
Remodelling stage
