Chapter 11: Urogenital System Flashcards
1
Q
What system consists of kidneys and the urinary passages (ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra)
A
urinary system
2
Q
What organs are vital in maintaining homeostasis of the body. They regulate blood pressure, blood composition, and fluid volume of the body; they produce urine; and maintain acid-base balance.
A
kidneys
3
Q
the cells of the kidney produce two important hormones:
A
renin and erythropoietin
4
Q
What hormone regulates blood pressure to maintain proper filtration pressure for the kidneys?
A
Renin
5
Q
What hormone promotes red blood cell formation in the red bone marrow?
A
erythropoietin
6
Q
kidney has two distinct regions:
A
the cortex and the medulla
7
Q
The outer cortex is separated from the inner medulla at what junction?
A
cortico-medullary junction
8
Q
In carnivores, small ruminants and horses, there is only one lobe and the kidney is called?
A
unilobar or unipyramidal kidney
9
Q
In swine and large ruminants, the kidney presents many lobes and is called?
A
multilobar or multipyramidal kidney
10
Q
a medial concavity of each kidney contains the renal pelvis, the entering and exiting renal vessels and nerves, and adipose tissues.
A
Renal sinus
11
Q
What is transitional; no muscularis mucosae therefore the lamina propria blends with the tunica submucosa that in equines contain branched tubuloalveolar mucous glands, which extend to the ureter. The secretion of these glands accounts for the frothy appearance of the urine in equine species. Tunica muscularis may be three layers that are not arranged in distinct layers. Contraction of these muscle bundles tends to “milk” urine from the kidney.
A
Renal pelvis
12
Q
What component of the kidney consists of the renal sinus and its contents?
A
Hilum
13
Q
What is the kidney’s dark-staining outer region underlying the capsule, has a granular appearance due to the presence of many renal corpuscles?
A
Cortex
14
Q
What distinct region of cortex contains the renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and arched collecting tubules?
A
cortex Cortex proper or cortical labyrinth
15
Q
What distinct region of cortex composed of the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and straight collecting tubules?
A
Medullary ray
16
Q
What is the kidney’s light-staining outer region which partially surrounds the renal sinus, has a striated appearance due to the presence of many ducts and tubules. It consists of conical medullary pyramids whose bases about the cortex and whose apices (renal papillae) point inward, toward the renal sinus. It also contains the collecting ducts, loops of Henle, and vasa recta.
A
Medulla
17
Q
Each renal papilla, perforated by the openings of the collecting ducts, is cradled by what calyx? into which the ducts empty.
A
minor calyx
18
Q
Several minor calyces empty into what calyx? empty into the renal pelvis, which in turn drains the ureter.
A
major calyx
19
Q
What zone of medulla contains the loop of Henle of short nephrons and straight collecting tubules and is juxtaposed to the cortex?
A
Outer zone
20
Q
What zone of medulla consists of the loops of Henle of long nephrons, straight collecting ducts and papillary ducts?
A
Inner zone
21
Q
What are fingerlike extensions of the medullary tissue that enter the cortex comprising clusters of collecting tubules and ducts. It occupies the center of each renal lobule.
A
Medullary rays
22
Q
each consists of a medullary pyramid and its associated cortex, contains numerous renal lobules. The medullary portion consists of a pyramid, the broad base of which is in contact with the cortex.
A
Renal lobes
23
Q
One or more pyramids may join to form a?
A
papilla
24
Q
In the unilobar kidney, the papilla forms the renal crest. The tip of the papilla is fenestrated and is called the?
A
area cibrosae
25
Each subdivision of the lobes consists of a central medullary ray and all the nephrons that empty into its collecting tubules.
Renal lobules
26
What tubules of the adult kidney consist of two portions, the nephron and collecting ducts, each of which has separate embryonic primordia?
uriniferous tubules
27
What are the functional unit of the kidney?
nephons
28
What nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney. All nephrons participate in urine formation.
- Short loops originate from the renal corpuscles located near the surface of the kidney and are the most numerous types.
- The bend of the loop is formed by the thick ascending limb and is located in the outer zone of the medulla.
Cortical (superficial) nephrons
29
What nephrons are situated near the corticomedullary junction; produce a hypertonic environment in the interstitium of the kidney medulla, a condition that is necessary for the production of concentrated urine.
- The long loops come from the renal corpuscles near the medulla.
- The thin segment forms the bend. Occasionally the loops are very long, exending nearly to the apex of the papilla.
Juxtamedullary nephrons
30
What is formed when the capillary tuft, or glomerulus, invaginates the epithelium-lined, dilated end of the nephron called the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. The intimate association of the capillaries and tubule epithelium forms a complex structure known as?
renal corpuscle
31
This part of the filtration barrier merely acts a prefilter by holding back large particulate matter and blood cells.
Glomerular endothelium
32
What is the major part of the filtration barrier, capable of holding back macromolecules with molecular weights approximately 160,000. This unusually thick basal lamina is continually produced by the glomerular epithelium.
basal lamina
33
What cells are located at the centro-lobular axis secrete matrix similar to the basal lamina. They become phagocytic and remove fragments of old basal lamina to prevent it from becoming excessively thick.
Mesangial cells or intercapillary cells
34
What has large cells called podocytes with numerous processes that radiate from the cell body and course parallel to the long axis of the capillary?
Glomerular epithelium
35
What pole is the region or the renal corpuscle where afferent and efferent arterioles are located. It is where the arterial blood vessels of the glomerulus enter and exit. It lies opposite the urinary pole. It is also the site of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Vascular pole
36
What pole lies opposite the vascular where the capsular epithelium is continuous with the cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules. It is where the proximal convoluted tubule exists.
Urinary pole
37
What is the expanded blind end of the nephron. It is a double-walled epithelial chamber.
GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (Bowman’s capsule)
38
What is the inner layer, consists of podocytes. These cells have long primary process, from which arise interdigitating foot processes (pedicels) that grasp the glomerular capillaries like fingers around a broom handle and adhere tightly to the fused capilary-podocyte basal lamina.
Visceral layer (Glomerular epithelium)
39
What is the outer layer, lined by simple squamos epithelium between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowman’s capsule is a space called the Bowman’s space (Capsular or uriniferous space).
Parietal layer (Capsular epithelium)
40
What tubule of the nephron has two major segments: a convoluted part, which makes several loops in the cortex near the renal corpuscle; and straight portion, extending into the outer zone of the medulla?
proximal tubule
41
What tubule is the longest, widest and most developed segment of the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule
42
What portion of the proximal tubule has essentially the same histologic characteristics as the convoluted portion. It is located in the medullary rays and the medulla and is the first portion of the nephron loop (Loop of Henle).
straight portion of the proximal tubule
43
a U-shaped epithelial tube, is the direct continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule. The abrupt transition from thick to thin in both arms of the U is the result of the changes from low columnar or cuboidal to squamos and back to cuboidal epithelium. It is of variable length and is indicative of the ability of the organism to conserve water.
loop of Henle
44
What is the straight portion of the proximal tubule lined by simple cuboidal epithelium?
Thick Descending Limb
45
What portions of the loop of Henle are lined by simple squamos epithelium whose nuclei tend to bulge into the lumen?
Thin Descending and Ascending Segments
46
What is the straight portion of the distal tubule lined by simple cuboidal epithelium?
Thick Ascending Limb
47
At the junction of this limb and the distal convoluted tubule, the wall of the ascending limb presents a condensation of cell, which is termed ? It is positioned between the afferent and efferent arterioles at the region of the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
macula densa
48
The distal tubule epithelium forms a disk of tightly packed columnar cells called?
macula densa
49
What is the thick ascending limb of the of the nephron loop, which arises through the outer zone of the medulla into the cortex, where it comes into juxtaposition with the renal corpuscle. Here it loops between the efferent and afferent arterioles, so that the wall of the distal tubule is in close contact with the wall of the afferent arteriole. At this point, the tubular epithelium is taller; consequently, the nuclei are closer together and the epithelium appears denser than in other areas (macula densa).
straight portion of the distal tubule
50
What tubule lies in the cortex, is the final segment of the nephron. It is shorter and less convoluted than the proximal tubule
distal convoluted tubule
51
Sodium reabsorption is controlled by the hormone ? secreted by the adrenal cortex.
aldosterone
52
What connect the distal convoluted tubule to the straight collecting tubule. It enters the straight collecting tubule in the medullary ray. It is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
Arched collecting tubules
53
What are similar to the arched collecting tubule except, the lining cells are taller.
Straight collecting tubules
54
What is lined by simple columnar epithelium. What open into the renal pelvis (in the unilobar kidney) and the minor calyx (in the multilobar kidney), which in turn are lined by transitional epithelium.
Papillary duct
55
Glomerular filtrate flows from the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting tubule; this tubule normally is not permeable to water. During certain conditions, however, what hormone is released from the neuro-hypophysis of the pituitary gland in response to decreased water intake in the body?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
56
Adjacent to the renal corpuscle and the distal convoluted tubule lie a special group of cells called the? It performs an important role in maintaining normal blood pressure. It monitor changes in the systemic blood pressure by responding to stretching in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
57
What cells are a group of modified smooth muscle cells that are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole just before it enters the glomerular capsule to form the glomerulus.
Juxtaglomerular cells
58
A decrease in systemic blood pressure induces the juxtaglomerular cells to release the hormone ? into the blood stream.
renin
59
What is an active hormone and a powerful vasoconstrictor that initially produces arterial constriction, thereby increasing the systemic blood pressure?
Angiotensin II
60
What cells are extra-glomerular mesangial cells situated between afferent and efferent arterioles adjacent to the glomerulus?
Polkissen cells
61
What is a group of modified cells of the distal convoluted tubule situated adjacent to the afferent arteriole with the juxtaglomerular cells?
macula densa
62
These carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. While the lumen is narrower than that of the renal pelvis, the wall structure is similar, including the lining of transitional epithelium. Its wall thickens and the muscle cells change from helical to a longitudinal array near the bladder before fanning out in the bladder wall to form the superficial and deep trigons of the bladder.
ureter
63
This distensible muscular sac, is lined by transitional epithelium underlain by a dense lamina propria, has walls to those of the ureter, pelvis and calyces but with a thicker muscularis.
URINARY BLADDER
64
The smooth muscle fibers of urinary bladder run in many directions and are not organized in layers except near the urethral orifice, where they form an?
involuntary internal sphincter
65
What is longer than the female urethra that conducts both urine and seminal fluid?
Male urethra
66
What is the most proximal part of the male urethra, exits directly from the neck of the bladder and is lined by transitional epithelium. This portion receives the prostatic and ejaculatory ducts and empties into the membranous portion.
Prostatic portion
67
What is the shortest segment of male urethra whose fibers form a voluntary external sphincter. It is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and empties into the cavernous portion.
Membranous portion
68
What portion of male urethra has bulbous and pendulous parts, opens at the end of the penis through the urethral meatus. Numerous glands of Littre empty mucous secretions into the lumen all along the urethra and more numerous in the pendulous part. The epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamos.
Cavernous portion
69
What is shorter than the male urethra and carries only urine. It is lined by stratified squamos with patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Midway along its path from the bladder to the exterior, it is surrounded by a voluntary external sphincter formed by the urogenital diaphragm.
Female urethra
70
What system consists of gonads or testes, excretory ducts, accessory reproductive glands, and copulatory organ, the penis.
male reproductive system
71
What are the primary gland of the male reproductive system, with both the exocrine and endocrine functions located in the scrotum?
Testes
72
What component includes the seminiferous tubules, where the spermatozoa are produced and the intratesticular genital ducts into which the seminiferous tubules deliver their products for transport to the excretory genital ducts.
Exocrine component
73
What component consists of nests of testosterone-secreting cells in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubule?
Endocrine component
74
What external covering of the testis is a double-layered mesothelial sac that covers the anterior surface of each testis. This extension of the peritoneum is picked up during the descent of the testes and into the scrotum.
Tunica vaginalis
75
What external covering of the testis is a dense fibrous connective tissue capsule that thickens along the posterior surface to form the mediastinum testis?
Tunica albuginea
76
These extensions of the tunica albuginea penetrate each testis and divide into about 250 compartments, or lobules.
Septa
77
What internal covering of the testis include 1-4 seminiferous tubules (exocrine component) and loose vascular connective tissue between the tubules that contains discrete clumps of testosterone-secreting interstitial cells of Leydig (the endocrine component).
Lobules
78
What is consists of tubuli contorti which radiate from the mediastinum testis as coiled tubes?
Seminiferous tubule
79
What cells divide, differentiate, and produce the spermatozoa by a complex process called spermatogenesis?
spermatogenic cells
80
What are small, round cells near the basal lamina. They are the least differentiated and are the only spermatogenic cell type present before puberty. They have round nuclei with patchy heterochromatin.
Spermatogonia
81
What are closer to the lumen than are the spermatogonia. They are the largest germ cell present; each has a large round nucleus with dark strands of heterochromatin resembling tangled string. They are usually seen in Prophase of meiosis I.
Primary spermatocytes
82
What are closer to the lumen than the primary spermatocyte. The product of the first meiotic division, they are about the half the size of primary spermatocytes that divide to form them.
Secondary spermatocytes
83
What are products of second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes and are located next to the lumen. They are small cells with dark heterochromatic nuclei.
Spermatids
84
What are the result of spermiogenesis, located in the lumen. They are recognizable by their long flagella.
Spermatozoa
85
What cells are elongated, branched, pyramidal epithelial cells that extend from the basal lamina to the luminal surface of each seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli cells (Nonproliferating, Sustentacular, Supporting or Nurse Cells)
86
Tight junctions join the supporting or Sertoli cells in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules laterally.
Blood-Testis barrier
87
What compartment of the blood-testis barrier houses the spermatogonia. It lies between the basal lamina and the junctional belt and is accessible to any blood-borne substance that can penetrate the basal lamina.
Basal compartment
88
What compartment of the blood-testis barrier extends from the junctional belt inward to the lumen. It is inaccessible to blood-borne substances except those taken up by the
supporting cells and passed through their cytoplasm to this privileged space.
Adluminal compartment
89
They occur as vascular nests of pale acidophilic cells in the loose connective tissue between seminiferous tubules. The cytoplasm contains the extensive sER typical of steroid-secreting cells, a well-developed Golgi complex and lipid droplets.
Leydig cells
90
The clusters of epithelioid cells (interstitial cells or cells of Leydig) produce ?, a male hormone necessary for spermatogenesis, development and maintenance of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system, and the secondary male sex characteristics.
testosterone
91
Located within the testis, these are continuous with the seminiferous tubules and include the tubuli recti, rete testis and ductuli efferentes.
Intratesticular genital ducts
92
What connect the seminiferous tubule in the lobules of the testes to the rete testis. They begin with epithelium similar to that of the seminiferous tubules, gradually losing the spermatogenic cells until only Sertoli cells remain. The main segment is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium supported by a dense connective tissue sheath.
Tubuli recti (straight tubules)
93
What is an anastomosing network of tubules lying in the mediastinum testis. It is lined by low cuboidal epithelium.
Rete testis
94
What are lined with alternating groups of simple cuboidal and tall ciliated columnar epithelium and resorptive nonciliated cells. The cilia in these ducts assist in transporting the sperm through to the ductus epididymis, and the ciliated cells absorb some of the fluid that was produced in the seminiferous tubules.
ductuli efferentes
95
These are located outside the testes and include ductus epididymis, ejaculatory duct and urethra. In these larger ducts, the secretions of the testes and the accessory glands combine to form the semen.
Excretory genital ducts
96
What is a single, highly coiled tube that comprises the body and tail of the epididymis. It is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium resting on the basal lamina. Its cells have abundant apical stereocilia (long, irregular, non-motile microvilli and possible capacitation inhibitor).
Ductus epididymis
97
What is a single straight tube with thick muscular walls that begins in the scrotum at the termination of the epididymis. It ascends with the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into the abdomen, joining with the duct of the seminal vesicle in the pelvic cavity near the prostate. The lumen is narrowed by longitudinal mucosal folds. The pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells have fewer stereocilia than the epididymis. The diameter of the duct increases near the termination to form the ampulla, which is characterized by a highly folded mucosa.
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
98
What is a short duct formed by the junction of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. It penetrates the prostate to empty into the prostatic urethra. It is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Ejaculatory duct
99
What serves as genitourinary passageway shared by the urinary and reproductive systems?
Urethra
100
consists of two highly coiled long tubes that develop as outgrowths of the ductus deferens. Their mucosa is highly folded with primary, secondary and tertiary branching.
seminal vesicles
101
What gland surrounds the urethra at its origin below the bladder?
Prostate gland
102
What prostate gland is best developed along the dorsal surface of the urethra and extends laterally and ventrally. It is usually confined to the pelvic urethra though isolated portions of the gland may be found in the penile urethra. It is well- developed in the bull and boar.
Par dessiminata
103
What prostate gland is well-developed in carnivores and horse; not distinct in ram?
Corpus prostata
104
What are paired spherical compound tubuloalveolar glands located dorsolateral to the pelvic urethra?
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
105
What are the enlarged terminal portion of the ductus deferens located in the ampulla and secrete serous fluid. It is lined by simple columnar epithelium without excretory duct. It is present in ruminants, horses and dogs but absent in cats and not well-developed in pigs.
Ampullary glands
106
What consists of three cylindrical bodies of spongy erectile tissue surrounded by a common loose connective tissue sheath, lined by stratified squamos epithelium and covered by penile portion of the prepuce, hairless thin skin.
penis
107
What system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and the external genitalia. The individual organs of this system perform numerous important functions, including secreting female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone), producing ova, providing a suitable environment for the development of oocyte, transporting and implanting blastocysts, driving development of the fetus during pregnancy, and nutrition of the newborn.
female reproductive system
108
What occur in pairs and are the counterpart of testes in males. It has both exocrine (production of ova) and endocrine (production of hormones estrogen and progesterone) functions. It is covered by surface germinal epithelium which is lined by simple cuboidal derived from the peritoneum and continuous with the mesovarium. Underneath the germinal epithelium is a dense connective tissue called the tunica albuginea ovarii
ovaries
109
What is the broad peripheral zone that harbors most of the oocyte-containing ovarian follicles, corpora lutea and interstitial cells embedded in connective tissue (stroma). It is covered by a low cuboidal surface epithelium.
Cortex
110
What distinct zone of the ovary is the inner area consists of stroma containing a rich vascular bed. Retia ovari are located in the medulla; they are networks of irregular channels lined by a cuboidal epithelium or solid cellular cords. They are prominent in carnivores and ruminants.
Medulla
111
The earliest stage of follicle development, these inactive follicles are the only ones present prior to puberty and constitute the majority thereafter. Each consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one layer of squamos follicle cells.
Primordial follicles
112
The follicle epithelium becomes cuboidal and proliferates to become stratified (multilaminar). The stromal connective tissue immediately surrounding the follicle differentiates into the steroid hormone-producing theca folliculi.
Growing follicles
113
What follicles consist of primary oocyte surrounded by a single or multiple layers of cuboidal follicle cells. They have no anthrum?
Primary follicles
114
What primary follicles consist of a single layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounding an oocyte. At this stage, the glycoprotein-rich zona pellucida begins to form between the oocyte and the follicle cells
Unilaminar primary follicles
115
What primary follicles have multiple layers of follicle cells surrounding an oocyte. During this stage, the zona pellucida thickens and the theca folliculi begins to form.
Multilaminar primary follicles
116
During this stage of ovarian follicle, cavities filled with fluid (liquor folliculi) appear between the follicle cells, gradually coalescing to form one large cavity, the anthrum. The theca folliculi forms two layers: the theca interna, containing a rich vascular network and steroid-secreting cuboidal cells with abundant sER, and the theca externa, consisting mainly of vascular connective tissue.
Secondary follicles
117
What is distinguished from the late secondary follicles mainly by their larger size. This stage immediately precedes ovulation; the anthrum greatly increases in size. The oocyte is displaced to one side of the follicle, is surrounded by a few layers of follicle cells, the corona radiata, and rests on a pedestal of follicle cells, the cumulus oophorus.
Mature (Graafian, anthral or vesicular) follicle
118
Although about 400,000 follicles are present normally at birth (in humans), only about 450 develop to maturity. More than 99% become atretic at various stages of development. Atresia of primordial follicles leaves a space that is filled by stroma; as a result, no vestiges of atretic primordial follicles are seen in adult ovaries. Autolytic remnants of larger primary and secondary follicles are removed by macrophages and replaced, by the stromal cells, with wavy collagenous scars. The scar is gradually removed and remodeled into normal stromal tissue. Some thecal cells from the atretic follicles may remain, becoming interstitial cells that actively secrete steroids, especially androgens.
Atretic follicles
119
The first half of the ovarian cycle is the follicular phase. During this phase, FSH is the principal circulating gonadotrophic hormone. FSH influences the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles and stimulates the granulosa and theca cells of the maturing follicles to produce estrogen. As the circulating level of estrogen rises during the follicular phase, however it produces an inhibitory effect on further release of FSH from pituitary gland. In addition, inhibin, a hormone produced by the granulosa cells in the ovarian follicles, also exerts inhibitory effects on the release of FSH from the pituitary gland.
Follicular growth
120
The midcycle or shortly before ovulation, estrogen secretion reaches a peak. This rise in estrogen causes a brief surge of LH release and a concomitant smaller release of FSH from the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. The increased levels of LH and FSH induce several events: final maturation of the ovarian follicle and its rupture (ovulation); completion of the first meiotic division and liberation of a secondary oocyte into the uterine tube; and formation of the corpus luteum. Final maturation of the secondary oocyte occurs only at fertilization, when the sperm penetrates the ovum. The liberated egg remains viable for about 24 hour.
Maturation, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
121
After ovulation of the mature follicle, the ovary enters what phase? During this phase, LH presence induces rapid transformation of the granulosa and the theca interna cells of the ruptured ovarian follicle into the granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells of a temporary endocrine gland, the corpus luteum. LH then stimulates the lutein cells to secrete estrogen and large amount of progesterone. The presence of these hormones will stop additional ovulation and stimulate further development of the uterus and mammary glands in anticipation of pregnancy. The development and functional activity of the corpus luteum depends on the presence of LH. The rising level of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum, however, has an inhibitory effect on further release of LH by the adenohypophysis.
luteal phase
122
What is a yellowish sperical body at the surface of the ovary. This temporary endocrine gland is formed by the remnants of the follicle after ovulation. After ovulation, the follicle collapses and granulosal lining is thrown into the folds. Cells in the granulosa layer and theca interna enlarge and begin secreting steroids
Corpus luteum
123
What is the process by which the granulosa and theca cells transform into luteal cells.
Luteinization
124
What is a blood-filled anthrum that develops after the rupture of follicle. If the ovulated oocyte is not fertilized 12-14 days after ovulation, the corpus luteum regresses into a nonfunctional corpus albicans.
Corpus hemorrhagicum
125
What is a dense white scar of connective tissue that replaces the degenerated corpus luteum. Like atretic follicles, it is eventually removed by macrophages.
Corpus albicans
126
What luteal cells are more lipid-laden but have fewer steroid cell-type or organelles than the large luteal cells. The theca cells appear to contribute to this luteal cell population of the corpus luteum.
Small luteal cells
127
What luteal cells are polygonal, with large spherical vesicular nucleus containing numerous metabolic lipid inclusions?
Large luteal cells
128
“building up phase” is characterized by the acceleration of follicular growth under the influence of FSH. The follicle begins to secrete estrogen that influences the genital organs.
Proestrus
129
“period of heat” is characterized by the female receptivity to male. Ovulation usually takes place during this period.
Estrus
130
“corpus luteum development” and its subsequent secretion of the hormone progesterone. Progesterone initiates the development of the uterus in preparation for pregnancy.
Metestrus
131
What is a relatively “short period of quiescence” between the estrous cycle. Pregnancy results in this phase.
Diestrus
132
What is a “longer period of quiescence” between breeding seasons. It generally occurs in wild animals and seasonal breeders.
Anestrus
133
What tubes are bilateral, tortuous structures that extend from the region of the ovary to the uterine horns and convey ova, spermatozoa and zygote?
uterine tubes
134
What contains a funnel-shaped portion that opens near the ovary. Finger- like extensions of its mucosal folds, the fimbriae, project from the opening toward the ovary.
Infundubulum
135
What is a thin-walled portion extending caudally from the infundibulum. It is a long and wide middle segment, containing extensive branched mucosal folds and the most common site for fertilization
Ampulla
136
the short narrow part joining the uterus and contains few mucosal folds.
Isthmus
137
What is the site of implantation and development of the conceptus. It undergoes a definite sequence of changes during the estrus and reproductive cycles. It is the site of semen deposition in the horse; in swine, semen deposition occurs in the cervix; while in other species, insemination is in the vagina.
uterus
138
In primates, the entire uterus is a single tube, called?
uterus simplex
139
What layer of the uterine wall corresponds to the tunica mucosa of tubular viscera?
Endometrium
140
What layer of the uterine wall corresponds to the tunica muscularis of visceral organs. It consists of inner circular and thinner, outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. A stratum vasculare occurs between the two layers.
Myometrium
141
What layer of the uterine wall corresponds to the tunica serosa of the visceral organs. It is typical of tunica serosa although large number of lymphatic vessels may be present.
Perimetrium
142
What connects to the uterine tubes?
horns (cornua)
143
What is the large middle region of uterus. Fundus is the extension of the body above the point of entry of the uterine tubes.
body (corpus)
144
What is a narrow, downward extension of the uterus that joins the vagina.
neck (cervix)
145
What serves as a valve to close off the uterus from the vagina. In the bitch, it possesses glands similar to those which occur in the uterus of other species. It is usually devoid of glands.
Cervix
146
What is a muscular tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule. Flat longitudinal mucosal-submucosal folds extend throughout the length of it.
vagina
147
What layer of vaginal wall is stratified squamos epithelium, rich in glycogen and supported by an elastic fiber-rich lamina propria. Bacterial metabolism of glycogen from the lining cells sloughed into the lumen results in lactic acid accumulation and the vagina’s low pH. The extensive capillary plexus in the lamina propria provide much of the fluid that seeps into the lumen during sexual arousal.
vaginal mucosa
148
What layer of vaginal wall consists mainly of longitudinal smooth muscle, but includes some circular fibers near the mucosa.
Tunica muscularis
149
What layer of vaginal wall or serosa is surrounded by a sheath of dense connective tissue rich in elastic fibers. It has an extensive venous plexus, nerve fibers and clusters of neurons.
Tunica adventitia
150
What consists of vestibule and labia. The vestibule presents the clitoris and urethral opening. This area is richly innervated with Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles along with free nerve endings.
Vulva
151
What is the area that receives the openings of the vagina and the urethra?
Vestibule
152
The vestibule is demarcated from the caudal portion of the vagina by a rudimentary fold, the?
hymen
153
What vestibular glands are bilateral compound tubuloacinar mucous glands located in the deep part of the mucosa-submucosa. They occur in ruminants and queen. The large duct leading to the vestibule is lined by a thick stratified squamos epithelium. They are homologous to the male bulbourethral glands.
Major vestibular glands
154
What vestibular glands are small, branched, tubulo mucous glands scattered in the vestibular mucosa of most domestic animals. They are lined by stratified squamos epithelium containing nests of mucous cells. They are homologous to the male urethral glands.
Minor vestibular glands
155
What contains cavernous and erectile tissue, adipose tissue and smooth muscle surrounded by a sheath of dense white fibrous connective tissue?
Body or corpus clitoridis
156
may contain erectile tissue (in bitch and mare) and areolar connective tissue that is highly vascularized.
Glans clitoridis
157
What is glandular and hairless reflection of the skin of the vestibule rich in sensory nerve endings?
Prepuce
