Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules

Question 2

glycolysis

Answer 2

stage 1 of cellular respiration, can occur without oxygen, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 3

three parts of glycolysis

Answer 3

energy investment
cleavage
energy liberation

Question 4

energy investment

Answer 4

2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1, 6 biphosphate

Question 5

cleavage

Answer 5

6 carbon molecule broken down into two 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 6

energy liberation

Answer 6

2 G3P molecules broken down into two pyruvate molecules; produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP with a net yield of 2 ATP

Question 7

Warburg effect

Answer 7

cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 8

stage 2 of cellular respiration, broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase and yield 1 NADH for each pyruvate

Question 9

Krebs/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 9

stage 3 of cellular respiration, series of steps releases 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Question 10

metabolic cycle

Answer 10

some molecules enter while others leave, series of organic molecules regenerated in each cycle

Question 11

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 11

stage 4 of cellular respiration, high energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

Question 12

chromosmosis

Answer 12

chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane, the free energy from electrons is harnessed through the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane which powers ATP synthesis

Question 13

NADH oxidation

Answer 13

creates most of the H+ electrochemical gradient used to synthesize ATP, yields up to 30 ATP/glucose

Question 14

ATP synthase

Answer 14

captures free energy as H+ ions flow through

Question 15

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Answer 15

for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficient times, uses substances other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor, produces ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 16

fermentation

Answer 16

breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation, only performs glycolysis