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BMS 1003 > Chapter 4: General Features of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: General Features of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes

A

simple cell structure, no nucleus

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

more complex cells, DNA enclosed within membrane-bound nucleus, internal membranes from organelles

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

contained within plasma membrane (everything found within the cell)

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4
Q

cytosol

A

everything outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane

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5
Q

nucleoid region (bacteria)

A

where DNA is located

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6
Q

ribosome

A

synthesizes proteins, not an organelle

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7
Q

cell wall

A

provide support and protection

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8
Q

glycocalyx (bacteria)

A

traps water, gives protection, helps evade the immune system

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9
Q

appendages (bacteria)

A

pilli (attachment), flagella (movement)

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10
Q

organelles

A

membrane-bound compartments, each has unique structure and function

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11
Q

variety

A

shape, size, and organization of cells vary considerably

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12
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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13
Q

central vacuoles

A

site that provides storage and regulation of cell volume

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14
Q

cell wall

A

structure that provides cell support

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15
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of three types of protein filaments: microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin/microfilaments

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16
Q

microtubules

A

hollow and composed of protein tubulin; functions in cell shape, organization of organelles, intracellular cargo movement, cell mobility

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17
Q

intermediate filaments

A

twisted filaments and can be composed of different proteins; function in cell shape, cell strength, anchoring of cell, nuclear membrane

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18
Q

actin/microfilaments

A

spiral-shaped composed of intertwined strands of actin; function in cell shape, cell strength, muscle contraction, cell movement, cytokinesis in animal cells

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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

step in cell division when a cell splits into two

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20
Q

motor proteins

A

use ATP as a source of energy for movement

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21
Q

motor protein movement

A
  1. carries cargo along filament
  2. motor protein remains fixed, filament moves
  3. motor protein and filament remain fixed, filament bends
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22
Q

flagella

A

usually longer than cilia, present singly or in pairs

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23
Q

cilia

A

often shorter than flagella, tend to cover all or part of the cell surface

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24
Q

propagation of a bend

A

flagella/cilia movement begins at the base and moves toward the tip

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25
Q

endomembrane system

A

enclosing the nucleus, endoplasmic recticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

26
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane structure enclosing nucleus, outer membrane is continuous with ER membrane

27
Q

nuclear pores

A

provide passageways into the nucleus

28
Q

chromosomes

A

composed of DNA and proteins

29
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins

30
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely distributed, transcriptionally active

31
Q

heterochromatin

A

densely packed, transcriptionally inactive

32
Q

nuclear matrix

A

filamentous network, organizes chromosomes

33
Q

nucleolus

A

where ribosome assembly occurs

34
Q

endoplasmic recticulum

A

network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules or cisternae

35
Q

ER lumen

A

single compartment created by the ER membrane

36
Q

rough endoplasmic recticulum

A

studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and sorting

37
Q

smooth endoplasmic recticulum

A

lacks ribosomes, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis, and modifications of lipids

38
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of flattened membrane-bound compartments

39
Q

vesicles

A

transport materials in the cell

40
Q

pulse-charge experiments

A

used by George Palade to trace the path of radioactive proteins

41
Q

lysosomes

A

contain acid hydrolase that promotes hydrolysis, breaks down carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids

42
Q

autophagy

A

recycling of worn-out organelles through endocytosis

43
Q

central vacuoles

A

used for storage and support in plants

44
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

used to expel excess water in protists

45
Q

phagocytic vacuoles

A

used for degradation in protists and white blood cells

46
Q

perozisomes

A

catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

47
Q

catalase

A

breaks down dangerous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

48
Q

plasma membrane

A

boundary between the cell and extracellular environment

49
Q

membrane transport

A

in and out of the cell with selective permeability

50
Q

cell signaling

A

using receptor

51
Q

semiautonomous organelles

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

52
Q

mitochondria

A

primary role is to make ATP, also involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

53
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

inner folded part that allows for more reactions to make ATP

54
Q

chloroplasts

A

perform photosynthesis

55
Q

photosynthesis

A

capture light energy and use some of that energy to synthesize organic molecules like glucose

56
Q

thalakoid membrane

A

surrounds the compartment where photosynthesis occurs

57
Q

evidence of mitochondria and chloroplasts being descended from bacteria

A

different ribosomes, contain circular DNA, similar structure to bacteria

58
Q

protein sorting

A

how eukaryotic proteins are sorted to the right destination

59
Q

co-translational sorting

A

begins in cytosol during translation, ER signal sequence binds signal recognition particle (SRP) and associates with ER channel
- for: ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and secreted proteins

60
Q

post-translational sorting

A

synthesized in cytosol and taken up by target organelles; short amino acid sequence directs the protein to its target where its taken up from the cytosol
-for: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

BMS 1003 (9 decks)

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