Chapter 3: Organic Molecules

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

large, complex, organic molecules

Question 2

functional groups

Answer 2

groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

Question 3

isomers

Answer 3

two molecules with an identical molecular formula but different structure and characteristics

Question 4

structural isomers

Answer 4

contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

Question 5

stereoisomers

Answer 5

identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers

Question 6

cis-trans isomers

Answer 6

positioning around the double bond

Question 7

enantiomers

Answer 7

mirror image molecules

Question 8

condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Answer 8

links monomers to form polymers

Question 9

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 9

polymers broken down into monomers

Question 10

monosaccharides

Answer 10

simplest sugars, usually contain 5 or 6 carbons

Question 11

disaccharides

Answer 11

composed of two monosaccharides

Question 12

glycosidic bond

Answer 12

joins two monosaccharides into a disaccharide

Question 13

polysaccharides

Answer 13

many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers

Question 14

fats (triglycerides, triglycerols)

Answer 14

formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids

Question 15

saturated fatty acid

Answer 15

all carbons linked by single bonds, solid at room temperature

Question 16

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

contain one or more double bonds, oils, tend to be liquid at room temperature

Question 17

carbohydrates

Answer 17

made of C, H, O

carbon atoms are linked to hydrogen and a hydroxyl group

Question 18

lipids

Answer 18

made of H and C

nonpolar, insoluble in water

Question 19

phospholipids

Answer 19

formed from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

- amphipathic

Question 20

steroids

Answer 20

four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

Question 21

peptide bond

Answer 21

formed of carboxyl and amino, found between amino acids

Question 22

polypeptide

Answer 22

polymers of amino acids

Question 23

primary structure of amino acids

Answer 23

amino acid sequence, encoded directly by genes

Question 24

secondary structure of amino acids

Answer 24

chemical and physical interactions cause protein folding

- shape is specific and important to function

Question 25

tertiary structure of amino acids

Answer 25

folding gives protein complex 3D shape

- final level of structure for a single polypeptide chain

Question 26

quaterny structure of amino acids

Answer 26

two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein

Question 27

protein subunits

Answer 27

individual polypeptide chains

Question 28

multimeric

Answer 28

composed from different polypeptides

Question 29

five factors that promote protein folding and stability

Answer 29

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds (and other polar interactions), hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, dissulfide bridges

Question 30

protein-protein binding factors

Answer 30

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and other polar interactions, hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces

Question 31

modules (domains) in proteins

Answer 31

have distinct structure and function

Question 32

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 32

stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers

Question 33

ribonucleic acid

Answer 33

decodes DNA into instructions for linking together specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

Question 34

nucleotide

Answer 34

monomers of nucleic acid

Question 35

base (DNA)

Answer 35

single or double ring of carbon or nitrogen atom

Question 36

sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 36

bonds that link nucleotides into polymers

Question 37

phosphodiester bond

Answer 37

two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups in other molecules to form two ester bonds
- make up the sugar phosphate backbone