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BMS 1003 > Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

atoms

A

the smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances

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2
Q

protons

A

positive charge, found in nucleus

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3
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge, found in nucleus

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4
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, found in orbitals

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5
Q

alpha particles

A

made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from the nucleus of He

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6
Q

Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment Results

A
  1. 98% of alpha particles continued undeflected&raquo_space; atoms are made up of mostly empty space
  2. <2% of alpha particles were slightly deflected&raquo_space; the nucleus is positively charged
  3. 0.01% of alpha particles bounced back&raquo_space; the nucleus is dense
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7
Q

orbitals

A

places where the probability of finding an electron is high

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8
Q

shells

A

contain a group of orbitals, outside part of an atom around the nucleus

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9
Q

stable atom

A

all electron orbitals are full

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10
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

electrons fill orbitals one at a time and from the lowest energy level to the highest

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11
Q

valence electrons

A

outermost electrons, available to combine with other atoms

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12
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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13
Q

Periodic Table

A

organized by atomic number with one or two letter symbols for each element

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14
Q

rows in the Periodic Table indicate

A

the number of electron shells

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15
Q

columns in the Periodic Table indicate

A

the number of electrons in the outer shell (valence electrons)

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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17
Q

weight

A

derived from the gravitational pull on a given mass

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18
Q

mole

A

one mole of any element contains 6.022 * 10^23 atoms

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19
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

6.022 * 10^23

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20
Q

isotopes

A

many elements exist in multiple forms that differ in the number of neutrons

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21
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes that decay in half-lives

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22
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for half of a radioisotope to decay

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23
Q

elements that make up living things

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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24
Q

trace elements

A

elements found <0.01% in the body but are essential for normal function

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25
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms bonded together

26
Q

compound

A

any molecule composed of 2 or more elements

27
Q

bonds

A

atoms in molecules are held together by chemical bonds

28
Q

covalent bond

A

electrons are shared to fill valence shells

29
Q

hydrogen ‘bond’

A

hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom from another molecule

  • individually weak, many are strong
  • reversible
30
Q

ionic bond

A

electrons are transferred, forming ions that are attracted to each other

31
Q

anions

A

ions with a net negative charge

32
Q

cations

A

ions with a net positive charge

33
Q

Octet Rule

A

atoms are stable when their outer shell is full

34
Q

electronegativity

A

ability to attract electrons

35
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

when 2 atoms with different electronegativities form a covalent bond, the shared electrons are closer to the more electronegative atom

36
Q

polarity

A

unequal distribution of electrons creates a difference in electric charge across the molecule

37
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

between atoms with similar electronegativities with equal sharing of electrons

38
Q

shape of a molecule:

A

determined by the arrangement and number of bonds between atoms

39
Q

free radicals

A

a molecule with a free, unpaired electron in its outer shell

- highly reactive and can harm cells

40
Q

chemical reactions

A

when one or more substances are changed into other substances

41
Q

Properties of Chemical Reactions

A
  1. require a source of energy
  2. require enzymes as a catalyst in living organisms
  3. tend to proceed in a particular direction
  4. occur in liquid
42
Q

solution

A

solutes in a solvent

43
Q

solutes

A

dissolved substances

44
Q

solvent

A

liquid

45
Q

aqueous solutions

A

solutions made with water

46
Q

hydrophillic

A

readily dissolves in water

47
Q

hydrophobic

A

do not dissolve in water

48
Q

amphipathic

A

have both polar/ionized and nonpolar regions

- may form micelles in water

49
Q

bile salts

A

contain polar and nonpolar parts to digest lipids

- produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder

50
Q

emulsification

A

breaking of large globules into smaller ones

51
Q

emulsion

A

multiple tiny lipid droplets each coated with bile salts

52
Q

concentration

A

amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution

53
Q

molarity

A

umber of moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of water

54
Q

molecular mass

A

sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule

55
Q

vaporization

A

change from liquid to gas, energy needed

56
Q

heat of vaporization

A

energy needed to bring 1 mol of a substance to its boiling point

57
Q

freezing

A

change from liquid to solid (ice), energy is released

58
Q

heat of fusion

A

energy needed or released to bring a substance from liquid to solid

59
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C

60
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • temperature at which water freezes is influenced by the amount of dissolved solutes
  • water is incompressible
  • cohesion and adhesion
61
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules attract each other

62
Q

adhesion

A

water adheres to surfaces (ex: digestive tract)

BMS 1003 (9 decks)

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