Chapter 7: Bones & Bone Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
bone functions
A
- shape
- support
- protection
- movement
- electrolyte balance
- blood production
- acid-base balance
2
Q
shape
A
bones give the body its structure
3
Q
support
A
the bones of the legs, pelvis, and vertebral column support the body and hold it upright
4
Q
protection
A
bones protect delicate internal organs (heart, lungs, brain, spinal cord, etc)
5
Q
movement
A
the interaction between muscles and bones gives us the ability to move our arms and legs and breath
6
Q
electrolyte balance
A
bones store and release minerals (ie calcium & phosphorus) necessary for chemical reactions throughout the body
7
Q
blood production
A
bones encase blood marrow, a major site of blood cell formation
8
Q
acid-base balance
A
bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH
9
Q
strength
A
bone is as strong as steel and as light as aluminum
10
Q
long bones
A
- long axis
- longer than they are wide
- work like levers to move limbs
- ex. femur, humerus
11
Q
short bones
A
- about as broad as they are long
- tend to be shaped like cubes
- ex. carpal bones (wrist) and tarsal bones (ankle)
12
Q
flat bones
A
- thin, flat, often curved
- protect organs
- skull, ribs, breastbone
- some provide large surface area for attachment of muscles (like shoulder blades)
13
Q
irregular bones
A
- often clustered in groups
- various sized and shapes
- ex. vertebrae and facial bones
14
Q
epiphysis
A
- the head of each end of a long bone
- its bulbous structure strengthens the joint
- allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
- made of porous-looking spongy bone
15
Q
diaphysis
A
- the central shaft-like portion of the bone
- a hollow cylinder
- made up of thick, compact bone
- strong enough to support a large amount of weight
16
Q
articular cartilage
A
- covers the surface of the epiphysis
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage
- this cartilage (along with a lubricating fluid) eases the movement of the bone within a joint
17
Q
medullary cavity
A
the central hollow portion of a bone
18
Q
endosteum
A
a thin epithelial membrane that lines the inside of the medullary cavity
19
Q
periosteum
A
- a dense, fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis
- some fibers penetrate the bone, making sure the membrane stays firmly anchored
- other fibers weave together with the fibers of tendons
- ensures a strong connection between muscle and bone
- contains bone-forming cells and blood vessels
- crucial for bone survival
20
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
- present in growing children
- aka “growth plate”
- a layer of cartilage that separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis at each end of a long bone
- replaced by an epiphyseal line once growth stops
21
Q
osteomyelitis
A
- an inflammation of bone and marrow
- usually the result of a bacterial infection
- bone infections are difficult to treat and usually require prolonged IV antibiotics
22
Q
osteoblasts
A
help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bone’s matrix
23
Q
osteoclasts
A
dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone
24
Q
osteocytes
A
- mature osteoblasts
- have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix
- have a dual role
- some dissolve bone
- some deposit new bone
- contribute to the maintenance of bone density
- assist with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate
25
bone composition
- bone is osseous tissue
- consists of cells, collagen fibers, and crystalline salts (primarily calcium and phosphate)
- hard and calcified
- bone cells include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
26
tensile strength
- bone's resistance to stretching forces
- due to collagen fibers in the matrix
27
compressional strength
- bone's resistance to squeezing forces
- due to calcium salts
28
torsional strength
- bone lacks the ability to resist twisting
- most fractures occur when torsional forces are exerted on an arm or leg
29
weight-bearing exercise
- when bone experiences an increase in load, osteocytes trigger the growth of new bone
- makes bones stronger
- lifting weights is ideal for those at risk for osteoporosis
30
heredity
everyone inherits a specific set of genes that determines their maximum height potential
31
nutrition
- malnourished children grow slowly and may not reach full height potential
- nutrients are essential for proper bone growth
- calcium, phosphorous, vitamins D, C, & A
32
hormones
- contribute to proper bone growth
- growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid
hormone, insulin, estrogen, testosterone
33
exercise
without adequate physical stress, bone destruction will outpace bone creation
34
spongy bone
- aka "cancellous bone"
- light and porous
- found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones
- always surrounded by more durable compact bone
- consists of latticework (trabeculae)
- cavities between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow (supplies spongy bone with blood and produces blood cells)
-
35
compact bone
- dense, solid, and strong
- forms shafts of long bones and the outer surfaces of other bones
- has an elaborate network of canals and passageways (containing nerves and blood vessels)
- layers of matrix are arranged in onion-like rings (lamellae) around a central canal (haversian/osteonic canal)
- supply of oxygen and nutrients allow bone injuries to heal quickly
36
lacunae
- the tiny gaps between rings of the lamellae
- contain osteocytes
37
canaliculi
- microscopic passageways
- connect the lamellae to each other
38
Volkmann's canals
- transverse passageways
- connect the haversian canals
- canals transport blood and nutrients from the bone's exterior to the osteocytes locked inside
39
lamellae
- organization of the matrix of compact bone
- concentric, onion-like rings around a canal
40
haversian/osteonic canal
- run through the length of a bone
- contain blood vessels and nerves
41
osteon
- the basic structural unit of a compact bone
- lamellae around an osteonic canal
42
bone marrow
- a type of soft tissue
- fills the medullary cavity of long bones and spaces of spongy bone
- red or yellow
43
red bone marrow
- produces red blood cells
- contained by nearly all of a child's bones
- only found in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, upper humerus, upper thigh of an adult
44
yellow bone marrow
- saturated with fat
- gradually replaces red marrow
- no longer produces blood cells
- in cases of severe blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow can change back into red marrow
45
ossification
46
intramembranous ossification
47
endochondral ossification
48
bone lengthening
49
epiphyseal plate
50
epiphyseal line
51
epiphyseal fracture
52
bone widening and thickening
53
resorption
54
ossification
55
bone remodeling
56
osteoporosis
57
bone health and the microbiome
58
bone fracture
59
closed reduction
60
open reduction
61
pathologic fracture
62
simple fracture
63
compound fracture
64
greenstick fracture
65
comminuted fracture
66
spiral fracture
67
fracture locations and age
68
fracture repair
69
orthopedics
70
fontanels
- "soft spots"
- at birth, part of a newborn's skull still consists of fibrous connective tissue
- allow for safe compression of the fetus's head while passing through the birth canal
- allows the skull to expand readily as the brain grows
- skull is completely ossified by age 2
71
trabeculae
- the latticework of bone in spongy bone
- adds strength without adding weight
- arranged along the lines of greatest stress to offer maximum strength
- if the stress on a bone changes, the trabeculae will realign themselves to compensate
72
sesamoid bones
- type of irregular bone
- small bones embedded in tendons
- ex. kneecap
73
smallest bone
the smallest bone in the body is 3mm long and found in the ear
