Chapter 15: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

base

A
  • broadest part of the heart
  • upper right
  • where the great vessels enter and leave the heart
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2
Q

apex

A
  • point of maximum impact
  • where the strongest beat can be felt or heard
  • location of apical pulse
  • left midclavicular line at the 5th intercostal space
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3
Q

pericardium

A

double walled sac surrounding the heart
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium

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4
Q

endocardium

A
  • innermost layer of heart wall
  • lines the heart’s chambers, covers valves
  • thin layer of squamous epithelial cells
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5
Q

myocardium

A
  • middle layer of heart wall
  • thickest layer
  • composed of cardiac muscle
  • performs the work of the heart
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6
Q

epicardium

A
  • outer layer of heart wall
  • closely integrated with the myocardium
  • a.k.a. visceral layer
  • squamous epithelial cells
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7
Q

atria

A
  • primarily reservoirs
  • receive blood from body or lungs
  • walls not very thick
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8
Q

ventricles

A
  • serve as pumps
  • generate a lot of force
  • thick walls
  • left ventricle walls are thicker
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9
Q

tricuspid valve

A

prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atrium

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10
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

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11
Q

pulmonary valve

A

prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle

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12
Q

aortic valve

A

prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle

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13
Q

heart sounds

A
  1. aortic area
  2. pulmonic area
  3. Erb’s point area
  4. tricuspid area
  5. mitral area
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14
Q

“widow-maker”

A

left anterior descending artery (LAD)

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15
Q

coronary sinus

A
  • where most cardiac veins empty
  • returns blood to right atrium
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16
Q

intercalated discs

A

join together cardiac cells

17
Q

gap junctions

A

allow impulses to pass quickly from one cardiac cell to the next

18
Q

pacemaker cells

A

generate action potentials to stimulate contraction

19
Q

automaticity

A

unique ability of cardiac muscle to contract without nervous stimulation

20
Q

rhythmicity

A

heart’s ability to beat regularly

21
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • heart’s primary pacemaker
  • where normal cardiac impulses arise
  • fires at 60-80 bpm
22
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • relays impulses from the atria to the ventricles
  • impulse slows to allow the atria time to contract completely
  • fires at 40-60 bpm
23
Q

AV bundle (bundle of His)

A
  • impulse picks up speed
  • branches into right and left bundle branches
24
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • distribute impulses to muscle cells of both ventricles
  • fire at 20-40 bpm
25
Q

ECG

A
  • electrocardiogram
  • composite recording of all the action potentials produced by nodal and myocardial cells
26
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A
  • ECG that appears normal
  • impulse originates from the SA node