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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1: Orientation to the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the body functions

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of the processes that disturb normal function (diseased functioning)

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4
Q

organization of the body

A

human organism > organ systems > organs > tissues > cells > organelles > molecules > atoms

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5
Q

types of tissue

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nerve tissue
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6
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • covers or lines body surfaces
  • outer layer of skin, walls of capillaries, kidney tubules, etc.
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7
Q

connective tissue

A
  • connects and supports parts of the body
  • some transport and store materials
  • bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, etc.
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8
Q

muscle

A
  • contracts to produce movement
  • skeletal muscles, heart, etc.
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9
Q

nerve tissue

A
  • generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function
  • brain, nerves, etc.
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10
Q

organ systems

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • lymphatic
  • respiratory
  • urinary
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • circulatory
  • digestive
  • female reproductive
  • male reproductive
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11
Q

left

A

the patient’s left

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12
Q

right

A

the patient’s right

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13
Q

medial

A

toward the body’s midline

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from the body’s midline

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15
Q

distal

A

farthest from the point of origin

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16
Q

proximal

A

closest to the point of origin

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17
Q

superior

A

above

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18
Q

inferior

A

below

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19
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front of the body

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20
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back of the body

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21
Q

superficial

A

at or near the body’s surface

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22
Q

deep

A

away from the bod’y surface

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23
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

key functions:
- protection
- temperature regulation
- water retention
- sensation

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24
Q

skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage and ligaments

key functions:
- protection of body organs
- support
- movement
- blood formation

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25
muscular system
primarily skeletal muscles key functions: - movement - posture - heat production
26
lymphatic system
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph thymus, spleen, and tonsils key functions: - role in fluid balance - production of immune cells - defense against disease
27
respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs key functions: - absorption of oxygen - discharge of carbon dioxide - acid-base balance - speech
28
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra key functions: - excretion of wastes - regulation of blood volume and pressure - control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
29
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs key functions: - control, regulation, and coordination of other systems - sensation - memory
30
endocrine system
pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs key functions: - hormone production - control and regulation of other systems
31
circulatory system
heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries key functions: - distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies - fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
32
digestive system
stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas key functions: - breakdown and absorption of nutrients - elimination of wastes
33
male reproductive system
testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis key functions: - production and delivery of sperm - secretion of sex hormones
34
female reproductive system
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts key functions - production of eggs - site of fertilization and fetal development - birth - lactation - secretion of sex hormones
35
body planes
- sagittal plane - transverse plane - frontal plane
36
sagittal plane
- divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides - called a "midsagittal" plane if made exactly at the midline
37
transverse plane
- divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions - also called the "horizontal plane" - used by CT scanners to reveal internal organs
38
frontal plane
- divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions - also called the "coronal" plane
39
frontal
forehead
40
nasal
nose
41
oral
mouth
42
deltoid
shoulder
43
axillary
armpit
44
brachial
upper arm
45
antecubital
front of elbow
46
antebrachial
forearm
47
carpal
wrist
48
palmar
palm
49
digital
fingers
50
femoral
thigh
51
patellar
knee
52
tarsal
ankle
53
pedal
foot
54
cephalic
head
55
orbital
eye
56
buccal
cheek
57
cervical
neck
58
sternal
sternum
59
pectoral
chest
60
mammary
breast
61
abdominal
abdomen
62
inguinal
groin
63
thoracic
includes sternal, pectoral, and mammary
64
cranial
surrounding the brain
65
otic
ear
66
occipital
back of head
67
scapular
back of shoulders/ upper back on either side of spine
68
vertebral column
spine
69
lumbar
lower back
70
sacral
between buttocks
71
gluteal
buttocks
72
perineal
between sacral and pubic
73
pelvic
between abdominal and pubic
74
popliteal
back of knee
75
calcaneal
heel
76
plantar
sole of feet
77
ventral cavity
- front of body - consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, separated by the diaphragm
78
dorsal cavity
- located at back of body - contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity but is one continuous cavity
79
thoracic cavity
consists of: - two pleural cavities (each containing a lung) - the mediastinum (containing the heart, large vessels of the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and other blood vessels and nerves)
80
abdominopelvic cavity
consists of: - abdominal cavity (containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs) - the pelvic cavity (containing the bladder, some of the reproductive organs, and the rectum)
81
cranial cavity
- formed by the skull - contains the brain
82
spinal cavity
- formed by the vertebrae - contains the spinal cord
83
right hypochondriac region
UPPER RIGHT - liver - gallbladder - right kidney
83
epigastric region
UPPER MIDDLE - stomach - liver - pancreas - right and left kidneys
84
left hypochondriac region
UPPER LEFT - stomach - liver (tip) - left kidney - spleen
85
right lumbar region
MIDDLE RIGHT - liver (tip) - small intestines - ascending colon - right kidney
86
umbilical region
MIDDLE - stomach - pancreas - small intestines - transverse colon
87
left lumbar region
MIDDLE LEFT - small intestines - descending colon - left kidney
88
right iliac region
LOWER RIGHT - small intestines - appendix - cecum and ascending colon
89
hypogastric region
LOWER MIDDLE - small intestines - sigmoid colon - bladder
90
left iliac region
LOWER LEFT - small intestines - descending colon - sigmoid colon
91
abdominal quadrants
- right upper quadrant (RUQ) - left upper quadrant (LUQ) - right lower quadrant (RLQ) - left lower quadrant (LLQ)
92
homeostasis
the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
93
homeostatic regulation
includes: 1. a receptor (receives information) 2. a control center (processes information) 3. an effector (responds to information
94
negative feedback
when the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change bodies maintain homeostasis through negative feedback loops
95
positive feedback
when the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change positive feedback loops occur during childbirth, blood clotting, etc.

Anatomy & Physiology (20 decks)

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