Chapter 5: tissues Flashcards
1
Q
tissue
A
- a group of similar cells that perform a common function
- organs can contain 2, 3, or 4 different types of tissue
- tissue is the connective fabric that holds the body together
- provides the body with its shape
- gives the body the ability to move
2
Q
initial organization of cells
A
- ectoderm (outer layer)
- mesoderm (middle layer)
- endoderm (inner layer)
3
Q
ectoderm
A
- outer layer
- gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
4
Q
mesoderm
A
- middle layer
- gives rise to connective and muscle tissue
5
Q
endoderm
A
- inner layer
- produces mucous membrane of respiratory track, thyroid gland, secretory parts of pancreas
6
Q
differentiation
A
- cells become increasingly distinct from the cells of other layers
- eventually each layer gives rise to a different type of tissue
7
Q
epithelial tissue
A
- covers body surface
- lines cavities and organs
- forms glands
- is exposed to environment on the top
adheres to connective tissue on the bottom - too thin to contain blood vessels
- depends on the connective tissue underneath to supply oxygen and nutrients
8
Q
stem cells
A
- undifferentiated cells
- can differentiate into more than 200 kinds of specialized cells
- can help replace worn-out cells, repair damaged tissue, and help grow organs in a developing chid
- embryonic stem cells occur in the early embryo
9
Q
cell shapes in epithelial tissue
A
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
10
Q
cell layers
A
simple - every cell touches the basement membrane
stratified- cells stack; some do not touch the basement membrane
11
Q
squamous cells
A
- flat and plate-like
- “scaly”
12
Q
cuboidal cells
A
- cube-shaped
- contain more cytoplasm than squamous cells
13
Q
columnar cells
A
tall and cylindrical; column-shaped
14
Q
gland
A
a collection of epithelial cells that secrete a particular substance
15
Q
exocrine glands
A
- secrete products into ducts
- ducts empty onto skin surfaces or inside a body cavity
- example: sweat glands secrete sweat onto the skin’s surface
16
Q
endocrine glands
A
- “ductless” glands
- secrete hormones directly into the blood
- example: adrenal glands secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine into the bloodstream
17
Q
simple squamous epithelium
A
- single layer of flat, “scaly” cells
- allows for easy diffusion or filtration because of thinness
- found in alveoli and lining of blood & lymphatic vessels
18
Q
simple cuboidal epithelium
A
- single layer of cube-like cells
- secretes and absorbs
- found in ducts and tubules of many organs (like kidneys)
19
Q
simple columnar epithelium
A
- single layer of columnar cells
- participates in absorption
- secretes mucus by goblet cells
- lines the intestines
20
Q
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
- single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells
- cells with nuclei at different levels make it appear stratified
- provides protection
- secretes mucus
- lines trachea, large bronchi, and nasal mucosa
21
Q
stratified squamous epithelium
A
- contains multiple cell layers
- stronger than simple epithelia
- most widespread epithelium in the body
- found in epidermis of the skin, esophagus, and vagina
22
Q
glandular epithelium
A
23
Q
goblet cells
A
24
Q
connective tissue
A
- most widespread and diverse tissue
- connect the body together, and to support, bind, and protect organs
25
extracellular matrix
- key component of connective tissue
- framework in which cells are embedded
- contains various kinds and amounts of protein fibers and fluid
- this variation in composition is what gives tissue its
characteristics
- fibers may be collagenous, reticular, or fibrous
26
collagenous fibers
27
reticular fibers
28
elastic fibers
29
loose connective tissue
- the most widely distributed of all tissues
- has a stretchable quality
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
30
dense connective tissue
- closely packed collagen fibers
- forms tendons, ligaments, fascia
- has few blood vessels
31
areolar tissue
32
adipose tissue
33
reticular tissue
34
tendons
35
ligaments
36
fascia
37
cartilage
- composed of chondrocytes
38
hyaline cartilage
39
elastic cartilage
40
fibrocartilage
41
bone
- also called osseous tissue
- composed of osteocytes in a matrix of collagen fibers and mineral salt crystals
- serves as storage site for calcium
- may contain red blood marrow that produces red blood cells
-
42
blood
- exists as a fluid
- has a liquid matrix (plasma)
- contains no fibers
- transports cells and dissolved substances from one part of the body to another
43
nervous tissue
- has a high degree of excitability and conductivity
- communicates rapidly with other parts of the body
- found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- neurons (conduct nervous impulses) and neuroglia (protect and assist neurons)
44
parts of a neuron
- soma
- dendrites
- axon
45
muscle tissue
46
skeletal muscle
47
cardiac muscle
48
smooth muscle
49
regeneration
50
fibrosis
51
steps in tissue repair
52
granulation tissue
53
fibroblasts
54
membranes
55
epithelial membranes
56
mucous membranes
57
cutaneous membrane
58
serous membranes
59
connective tissue membranes
60
synovial membranes
61
necrosis
62
gangrene
63
transitional epithelium
- contains multiple cell layers
- stronger than simple epithelia
- most widespread epithelium in the body
- found in epidermis of the skin, esophagus, and vagina
