Chapter 7: Basal Ganglia Flashcards
The striatum consists of what structures?
caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)
What are the parts of the basal ganglia?
- striatum, which consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)
- external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (telencephalon)
- substantia nigra (midbrain)
- subthalamic nucleus ( in diencephalon)
Understand where the major parts of the basal ganglia are on the image.
Refer to the image
Be able to draw out the basal ganglia pathway.
Draw out basal ganglia pathway
Does dopamine or ACh drive the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?
Which pathway does each take?
dopamine drives the direct pathway; ACh drives indirect pathway
Does ACh drive the direct or indirect pathway of inhibition of the basal ganglia?
drives the indirect pathway
Which receptors does dopamine excite the direct basal ganglia pathway with?
D1 receptors
Which receptors does dopamine inhibit the indirect pathway through?
D2 receptors
What are major clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease?
bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill-rolling (resting) tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, masked face, depression
What are some causes of Parkinson disease?
infections, vascular and toxic insults (e.g MPTP)
What area of the brain is affected when one has Parkinsons?
loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra
Lewy bodies contain what presynaptic neuronal protein that is linked genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson’s?
α-synuclein
What are some clinical manifestations of Huntington disease?
chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements), atheatosis (slow, writhing movments), personality changes, dementia
What is degenerating in a patient with Huntington disease?
degeneration of GABAergic neurons in neostriatum, causing atrophy of head of caudate nucleus (and ventricular dilation)
What are some treatments of Huntington disease?
antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants
What are some of the clinical manifestations of Wilson disease?
Tremor, asterixis, parkinsonian symptoms, chorea, neuropsychiatric symptoms; fatty change, hepatitis, or cirrhosis of the liver, tremor may be “wing beating”
Another name for Wilson’s disease?
hepatolenticular degenerationn
What is the cause of Wilson disease?
AR defect in copper transport
accumulation of copper in various organs
Where are parts of the body that copper accumulates?
- accumulation in the liver, brain, and eye (Descemet membrane) , producing Kayser-Fleischer ring)
- Lesions in the basal ganglia (especially putamen)
What is the treatment for Wilsons disease?
penicillamine (a chelator), zinc acetate (blocks absorption)
What are the clinical manifestations of hemibalism?
wild, flinging movements of the limbs
Pathogenesis of hemibalism?
hypertensive patients of hemorrhagic destruction of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus
What are the clinical manifestations of Tourette syndrome?
Motor tics and vocal tics (e.g, snorting, sniffing, uncontrolled and often obscene vocalizations), commonly associated with OCD and ADHD)
Treatment for Tourette syndrome?
antipsychotic agents
Presentation lesions to direct pathway of basal ganglia?
hypokinetic disturbances
Presentation of lesions to the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?
hyperkinetic movements
