Chapter 7: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

The striatum consists of what structures?

A

caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)

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2
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

A
  • striatum, which consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)
  • external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (telencephalon)

*substancia nigra (midbrain)

  • subthalamic nucleus ( in diencephalon)
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3
Q

Understand where the major parts of the basal ganglia are on the image.

A

Refer to the image

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4
Q

Be able to draw out the basal ganglia pathway.

A

Draw out basal ganglia pathway

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5
Q

Does dopamine or ACh drive the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

drives the direct pathway; inhibits indirect pathway

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6
Q

Does ACh drive the direct or indirect pathway of inhibition of the basal ganglia?

A

drives the indirect pathway

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7
Q

Which receptors does dopamine excite the direct basal ganglia pathway with?

A

D1 receptors

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8
Q

Which receptors does dopamine inhibit the indirect pathway through?

A

D2 receptors

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9
Q

Draw out the basal ganglia pathway.

A

Refer to diagram and draw out image.

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10
Q

What are major clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease?

A

bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill-rolling (resting) tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, masked face, depression

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11
Q

What are some causes of Parkinson disease?

A

infections, vascular and toxic insults (e.g MPTP)

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12
Q

What area of the brain is affected when one has Parkinsons?

A

loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra

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13
Q

Lewy bodies contain what presynaptic neuronal protein that is linked genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson’s?

A

α-synuclein

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14
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Huntington disease?

A

chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements>, atheatosis (slow, writhing movments>, personality changes, dementia

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15
Q

What is degenerating in a patient with Huntington disease?

A

degeneration of GABAergic neurons in neotriatum, causing atrophy of head of caudate nucleus (and ventricular dilation)

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16
Q

What are some treatments of Huntington disease?

A

antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants

17
Q

What are some of the clinical manifestations of Wilson disease?

A

Tremore, asterixis, parkinsomian symptoms, choreaa, neuropsychiatric symptoms; fatty change, hepatitis, or cirrhosis of the liver, tremor may be “wing beating”

18
Q

Another name for Wilson’s disease?

A

hepatolenticular degenerationn

19
Q

What is the cause of Wilson disease?

A

AR defect in copper transport

accumulation of copper in various organs

20
Q

Where are parts of the body that copper accumulates?

A

accumulation in the liver, brain, and eye (Descemet membrane) , producing Kayser-Fleischer ring)

  • Lesions in the basal ganglia (especially putamen)
21
Q

What is the treatment for Wilsons disease?

A

penicillamine (a chelator), zinc acetate (blocks absorption)

22
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hemibalism?

A

wild, flinging movements of the limbs

23
Q

Pathogenesis of hemibalism?

A

hypertensive patients of hemorrhagic destruction of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

24
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Tourette syndrome?

A

Motor tics and vocal tics (e.g, snorting, sniffing, uncontrolled and often obscene vocalizations), commonly associated with OCD and ADHD)

25
Q

Treatment for Tourette syndrome?

A

antipsychoitc agents

26
Q

Presentation lesions to direct pathway of basal ganglia?

A

hypokinetic disturbances

27
Q

Presentation of lesions to the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?

A

hyperkinetic movements