Chapter 7: Basal Ganglia

Question 1

The striatum consists of what structures?

Answer 1

caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)

Question 2

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

• striatum, which consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen (telencephalon)
• external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (telencephalon)
• substantia nigra (midbrain)
• subthalamic nucleus ( in diencephalon)

Question 3

Understand where the major parts of the basal ganglia are on the image.

Answer 3

Refer to the image

Question 4

Be able to draw out the basal ganglia pathway.

Answer 4

Draw out basal ganglia pathway

Question 5

Does dopamine or ACh drive the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

Which pathway does each take?

Answer 5

dopamine drives the direct pathway; ACh drives indirect pathway

Question 6

Does ACh drive the direct or indirect pathway of inhibition of the basal ganglia?

Answer 6

drives the indirect pathway

Question 7

Which receptors does dopamine excite the direct basal ganglia pathway with?

Answer 7

D1 receptors

Question 8

Which receptors does dopamine inhibit the indirect pathway through?

Answer 8

D2 receptors

Question 9

What are major clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease?

Answer 9

bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill-rolling (resting) tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, masked face, depression

Question 10

What are some causes of Parkinson disease?

Answer 10

infections, vascular and toxic insults (e.g MPTP)

Question 11

What area of the brain is affected when one has Parkinsons?

Answer 11

loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra

Question 12

Lewy bodies contain what presynaptic neuronal protein that is linked genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson’s?

Answer 12

α-synuclein

Question 13

What are some clinical manifestations of Huntington disease?

Answer 13

chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements>, atheatosis (slow, writhing movments>, personality changes, dementia

Question 14

What is degenerating in a patient with Huntington disease?

Answer 14

degeneration of GABAergic neurons in neostriatum, causing atrophy of head of caudate nucleus (and ventricular dilation)

Question 15

What are some treatments of Huntington disease?

Answer 15

antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants

Question 16

What are some of the clinical manifestations of Wilson disease?

Answer 16

Tremor, asterixis, parkinsonian symptoms, chorea, neuropsychiatric symptoms; fatty change, hepatitis, or cirrhosis of the liver, tremor may be “wing beating”

Question 17

Another name for Wilson’s disease?

Answer 17

hepatolenticular degenerationn

Question 18

What is the cause of Wilson disease?

Answer 18

AR defect in copper transport

accumulation of copper in various organs

Question 19

Where are parts of the body that copper accumulates?

Answer 19

accumulation in the liver, brain, and eye (Descemet membrane) , producing Kayser-Fleischer ring)

• Lesions in the basal ganglia (especially putamen)

Question 20

What is the treatment for Wilsons disease?

Answer 20

penicillamine (a chelator), zinc acetate (blocks absorption)

Question 21

What are the clinical manifestations of hemibalism?

Answer 21

wild, flinging movements of the limbs

Question 22

Pathogenesis of hemibalism?

Answer 22

hypertensive patients of hemorrhagic destruction of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Question 23

What are the clinical manifestations of Tourette syndrome?

Answer 23

Motor tics and vocal tics (e.g, snorting, sniffing, uncontrolled and often obscene vocalizations), commonly associated with OCD and ADHD)

Question 24

Treatment for Tourette syndrome?

Answer 24

antipsychotic agents

Question 25

Presentation lesions to direct pathway of basal ganglia?

Answer 25

hypokinetic disturbances

Question 26

Presentation of lesions to the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?

Answer 26

hyperkinetic movements