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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III > Chapter 4: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Conus medullaris

A

caudal end of the spinal cord ( in adults, ends at the L2 vertebrae)

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1
Q

Clarke’s nucleus vertebral levels.

A

T1-L2

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2
Q

Cauda equina

A

nerve roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves

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3
Q

Filum terminale

A

slender pial extension that tethers the spinal cord to the bottom of the vertebral column

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4
Q

The dorsal horn carries what rexed laminae?

A

I - VI

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5
Q

Ventral horn contains which rexed laminae?

A

VIII-IX

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6
Q

The intermediate horn of gray matter contains which rexed laminnae?

A

lamina VII

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7
Q

Which sensory fibers carry proprioception sensation?

A

Ia, Ib fibers

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8
Q

Which sensory fibers carry touch?

A

II, A-beta fibers

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9
Q

Which sensory fibers carry sharp pain, cold?

A

III, A-delta fibers

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10
Q

Which sensory fibers carry dull pain, warmth?

A

IV, C fiber

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11
Q

Gamma motor neurons innervate what type of sk. muscle fibers?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

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12
Q

Ia innervate what part of the body?

A

muscle spindle from muscle stretch receptors

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13
Q

Ib fibers innervate what structure?

A

Golgi tendon organ muscle; going to sense a increase in muscle force by contraction of sk muscle.

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14
Q

Roman numeral fibers typically innervate which structures?

A

sensory receptors in skeletal muscle

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15
Q

The fibers A beta A delta and C from skin typically innervate what structures?

A

cutaneous receptor in skin (meissner’s, pacinian)

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16
Q

Label the parts of the body innervated by parts of the ventral horn

A

inhibitory interneurons located in the ventral cord and through their localized connections with motor neurons and other interneurons help to ensure a balance between contraction of synergist and antagonist muscles

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17
Q

T/F UMNs have net inhibitory effect on muscle stretch reflexes.

A

True

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18
Q

60% of the fibers of the corticospinal tract arise from which areas of the brain?

A

from the primary motor cortex, located in the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe and the premotor area, located immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex

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19
Q

40% of the fibers of the coritospinal tract are derived from what areas of brain?

A

primary and secondary somatosensory cortical areas located in the parietal lobe

20
Q

What part of the spinal cord do the corticospinal cords pass?

A

in the lateral corticospinal tract

21
Q

If lesions of the corticospinal tract occur above the pyramidal decussation then where is weakness seen?

A

in muscles on contralateral side

22
Q

What is another name for deep tendon reflex?

A

myotatic reflex

23
Q

The afferent limb of a muscle spindle is innervated by what fibers?

A

Ia sensory neuron

24
Q

The efferent limb of deep tendon reflex is innervated by what fibers?

A

lower motor neuron

25
Q

What are the spinal cord segments involved in the knee (patellar) reflex?

A

L2-L4 (femoral n)

26
Q

What is the muscle tested in the knee (patellar) reflex?

A

quadriceps

27
Q

What is the spinal cord segment involved in the ankle reflex?

A

S1 (tibial n.)

28
Q

What is the muscle tested in the ankle reflex?

A

gastrocnemius

29
Q

What is the cord segment involved in the elbow reflex?

A

C5-C6 (musculocutneous n)

30
Q

What is the muscle tested in the elbow reflex? Also name corresponding segments involved.

A

C5-C6 (musculocutaneous n) - biceps

C7-C8 (radial n) - triceps

31
Q

What is the spinal cord segment involved in the reflex for the forearm?

A

C5-C6 (radial n.)

32
Q

What is the muscle involved in the reflex for the forearm?

A

brachioradialis

33
Q

Does the inverse muscle stretch reflex utilize GTOs?

A

yes; utilizes golgi tendon organs

34
Q

Purpose of firing of GTOs?

A

firing of Ib afferent neruons that innervate GTOs which in turn polysynaptically facilitate antagonists and inhibit agonist muscle

35
Q

Inverse muscle stretch reflex causes activated muscle to contract or relax?

A

causes muscle to relax

36
Q

How do gamma motor neurons act?

A

they cause intrafusal muscle fibers to contract which activates alpha motoneurons, causing an increase in muscle tone

37
Q

Whats the flexion withdrawal reflex

A

protective reflex in which a stimulus (usually painful) causes withdrawal of the stimulated limb

38
Q

Compare type of paralysis, reflex reaction, Babinski sign presentation, muscle tone, muscle characteristic, movement, different types of atrophy, and body area involved in UMN lesion with that of LMN lesions.

A

Refer to chart.

39
Q

Which sensory systems use 3 neurons to convey sensory innervation?

A

DCML dorsal column medial lemniscal system

anterolateral (spinothalamic) system

40
Q

clear card

A
41
Q

Third order neuron for ventral sensory pathways is found where?

A

thalamus

42
Q

Axon of the third neuron of general sensory pathways projects to which areas of the cortex?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

43
Q

What is the function of the DCML?

A

to sense discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, vibration, pressure

44
Q

What is the function of anterolateral system?

A

sensing pain and temperature

45
Q

What is another name for the anterolateral system?

A

spinothalamic

46
Q

The third order neuron in the DCML synapses in what part of the thalamus?

A

VPL

47
Q

What does VPL stand for?

A

ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

48
Q

From the VPL where do DCML fibers project ?

A

to the primary somesthetic (somatosensory) area of the postcentral gyrus, located in the most anterior portion of the parietal lobe

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III (13 decks)

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