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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III > Chapter 6: The Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The vermis controls which areas of the body?

A

the axial and proximal musculature of the limbs

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2
Q

In general, the intermediate part of hemisphere of the cerebellum controls which part of the body?

A

controls distal musculature of the limbs

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3
Q

In general, the lateral part of the cerebellum controls what actions?

A

motor planning

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4
Q

In general, the flocculonodular lobe is involved in control of what actions?

A

balance and movement

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5
Q

What is the primary function of vermis and intermediate zones of the cerebellum?

A

ongoing motor execution

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6
Q

Where are the major inputs for the vermis and intermediate zones from?

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the function of the (lateral) hemisphere of the cerebellum?

A

planning/ coordination

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8
Q

What is the function of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

balance and eye movements

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9
Q

What are the major inputs to the (lateral) hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

cerebral cortex and inferior olivary nucleus

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10
Q

What are the major inputs to the flocculonodular lobe?

A

vestibular nuclei

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11
Q

Major input to the cerebellum travels in in what structure (area of the brain)?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) and middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)

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12
Q

Major outflow of the cerebellum travels in what structure?

A

in the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)

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13
Q

Mossy fibers of the cerebellum follow what tracts?

A
  • vestibulocerebellar
  • spinocerebellar (cortico)
  • pontocerebellar
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14
Q

What areas of the brain do the mossy fibers enter the cerebellum from?

A
  • vestibulocerebellar > ICP
  • spinocerebellar (cortico) > ICP and SCP
  • pontocerebellar > MCP (decussate)
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15
Q

What is the target and function of mossy fibers?

A

excitatory terminnation of granule cells (glutamate)

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16
Q

What is the tract that climbing fibers use/

A

olivocerebellar

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17
Q

What is the target of the climbing fibers?

A

Excitatory terminals on Purkinje cells

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18
Q

What are the 3 cell layers of the cortex of the cerebellum?

A

molecular layer, the Pukinje layers and the granule cell layer

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19
Q

Describe the molecular layer of the cortex of the cerebellum? Location? Make up?

A

the outer layer and

made up of basket and stellate cells as well as parallel fibers which are the axons of the granule cells

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20
Q

Describe the Purkinje layer of the cortex of the cerebellum. Location? Function?

A

the middle and most important layer of the cerebellar cortex

all of the inputs the the cerebellum are directed toward influencing the firing of Purkinje cells, and only axons of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellar cortex

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21
Q

Describe the granule cell layer. Where is it located? What does it contain?

A

innermost layer of cerebellar cortex and contains Golgi cells, granule cells, and glomeruli

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22
Q

What is the only excitatory neuron of the cerebellar cortex?

A

the granule cell

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23
Q

Target of the Purkinje cells?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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24
Q

What is the transmitter of the purkinje cell?

A

GABA

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25
Q

What is the function of the purkinje cell, inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

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26
Q

The granule cell target?

A

Purkinje cells

27
Q

What is the transmitter of the granule cell?

A

glutamate

28
Q

What is the function of the granule cell, inhibitory or excitatory?

A

excitatory

29
Q

What is the target of the stellate cells?

A

Purkinje cells

30
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the stellate cell?

A

GABA

31
Q

Does the stellate cell have excitatory or inhibitory action?

A

inhibitory

32
Q

Target of the basket cells?

A

Purkinje cells

33
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of basket cells?

A

GABA

34
Q

What is the function of basket cells?

A

inhibitory

35
Q

What is the target of the golgi cells?

A

granule cells

36
Q

What is the transmitter for Golgi cells?

A

GABA

37
Q

Are the golgi cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

38
Q

What area of the cerebellum contains the deep cerebellar nucei?

A

white matter

39
Q

Climbing fibers originate exclusively from what area of the brainstem?

A

inferior olivary complex on nuclei on the contralateral side of medulla

40
Q

What parts of the body do the mossy fibers derive from?

A

from spinal cord, pontine nuclei, or vestibular nuclei

41
Q

Mossy fibers exert a excitatory or inhibitory effect on granule cells?

A

excitatory effect

42
Q

The golgi cell inhibits which cells that activate it in the first place?

A

the granule cell

43
Q

Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobe project to which deep cerebellar nucluei?

A

lateral vestibular nuclei

44
Q

Purkinje cells in the vermis project to which deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

fastigial nuclei

45
Q

Purkinje cells inn the intermediate hemisphere project to which deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

interposed (globose and emboliform) nuclei

46
Q

Hemisphere lesions lead to what symtpoms?

A

ipsilateral symptoms: intention tremor, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, scanning dysarthria, nystagmus, hypotonia

47
Q

Vermal lesions lead to what symptoms?

A

truncal ataxia

48
Q

What is the main path the Purkinje cells take to the conntralateral cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells > deep cerebellar nucleus; dentate nucleus > contralateral VL > first degree motor cortex > pontine nuclei > contralateral cerebellar cortex

49
Q

Name the major deep cerebellar nuclei from lateral to medial?

A

dentate nucleus, interpositus nucleus, fastigial nucleus

50
Q

Where is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

the flocculonodular lobe

51
Q

Where is the spinocerebellum located?

A

intermediate hemisphere

52
Q

Where is the pontocerebellum located?

A

lateral hemispheres

53
Q

The vestibulocerebellum sends its efferents where?

A

vestibular nucleus

54
Q

The spinocerebellum sends efferents where?

A
  • red nucleus
  • reticular formation
55
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • influence LMNs via the reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts to adjust posture and effect movement
56
Q

Where does the pntocerebellum send efferents?

A

thalamus (VA, VL) then cortex

57
Q

Function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

elicit positional changes of eyes and trunk in response to movement of the head

58
Q

Function of the spinocerebellum?

A

influence LMNs via the reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts to adjust posture and effect movement

59
Q

Function of the pontocerebellum?

A

influence on LMNs via the corticospinal tract, which effect voluntary movements, especially sequence and precision

60
Q

Symptoms of lesions that include the hemispheres.

A
  • intention tremors
  • dysmetria (past pointing)
  • dysdiadochokineasia (adiadochokinesia - reduced ability to perform alternating movements
  • scanning dysarthria asynergy of muscles responsible for speech (staccato speech)
  • gaze dysfunction: eyes try to fix on point may stop short or go past it; nystagmus may be present, particularly with acute cerebellar damage; fast component usually directed toward the involved cerebellar hemisphere
61
Q

How do vermal lesions present?

A

difficulaty maintaining posture, gait, or balance (an ataxic gait)

62
Q

What is usually the cause of anterior vermis lesions?

A

usually result of degeneration from alcohol abuse and are present with gait ataxia

63
Q

What causes posterior vermis lesions?

A

results from medulloblastomas or ependymomas and present with truncal ataxia.

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III (13 decks)

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