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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III > Chapter 1: Nervous System Organization and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Nervous System Organization and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What week does neurulation take place?

A

in the 3rd week

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2
Q

Alar plate is sensory or motor?

A

sensory

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3
Q

Basal plate is sensory or motor?

A

motor

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4
Q

What are the alar and basal plate separated by?

A

sulcus limitans

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5
Q

Is AFP high or low in gastrochschisis?

A

high

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6
Q

Is AFP high or low in omphalocele?

A

high

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7
Q

AFP is high or low in pregnancy of Down Syndrome?

A

it is low

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8
Q

The rostral neuropore closes at what day?

A

Day 25

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9
Q

The caudal neuropore closes at what day?

A

Day 27

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10
Q

Levels of what major products are elevated when there are rostral or caudal neuropore inability to close?

A

Increase in AChE (amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase) Because of failure of neuropore closure.

Increase in AFP because of any body wall closure defect.

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11
Q

Failure of the rostral neuropore to close results in what condition?

A

anencephaly causing polyhydramnios (swallowing centers not created yet and thats the only way to rid body of amniotic fluid)

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12
Q

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close results in what condition?

A

spina bifida with myeloschisis

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13
Q

T/F. AFP and AChE are increased in failure of the rostral neuropore to form?

A

true

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14
Q

Adult derivatives of secondary brain vesicles.

A
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15
Q

What structures form from the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres, most of basal ganglia

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16
Q

What structures form from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland), retina and optic nerve

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17
Q

What structures form from mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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18
Q

What structures form from metencephalon?

A

pons, cerebellum

19
Q

What structures form from myelencephalon?

A

medulla
spinal cord

20
Q

Neural canal remnant from telencephalon?

A

lateral ventricles

21
Q

Neural canal remnant from the diencephalon?

A

third ventricle

22
Q

Neural canal remnant of the mesencephalon?

A

cerebral aqueduct

23
Q

Neural canal remnant from the metencephalon?

A

fourth ventricle

24
Q

Neural canal remnant from the myelencephalon?

A

central canal

possibly some overlap with 4th ventricle

25
Q

What is the pathology behind anencephaly?

A

failure of anterior neuropore to close

26
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of anencephaly? Some lab values?

A
  • brain does not develop
  • incompatible with life
  • increased AFP during pregnancy and AChE
27
Q

Spina bifida occulta cause?

A
  • failure to induce bone growth around the spinal cord
  • vertebrae fail to form around the spinal cord
28
Q

Is there an increase in AFP in cases of spina bifida occulta?

A

no

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of spina bifida occulta?

A

asymptomatic; tuft of hair over defect

30
Q

Spina bifida with meningocele cause? Relative AFP levels? Relative AChE levels?

A
  • meninges protrude through vertebral defect
  • increase in AFP; no increase is AChE
31
Q

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele characteristics?

A

meninges and spinal cord protrude through vertebral defect

32
Q

What is a condition that Spina bifida with meningomyelocele is seen with?

A

Arnold-Chiari type II

33
Q

Is there an increase in AFP with spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

A

increase in AFP

34
Q

What is the most severe form of spina bifida?

A

spina bifida with myeloschisis

35
Q

Can spina bifida with myeloschisis be seen externally?

A

yes

36
Q

What lab values are increased in spina bifida with myeloschisis?

A

increase in AFP and AChE

37
Q

Signs and symptoms of Arnold Chiari Type I?

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
38
Q

There is an association of Arnold- Chiari Type I malformation with what condition?

A

syringomyelia

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Arnold Chiari Type II? What is it?

A
  • more often symptomatic
  • downward displacement of cerebellar vermis
  • compression of IV ventricle > obstructive hydrocephaly
  • frequent lumbar meningomyelocele
40
Q

What is Dandy-Walker malformation caused by?

A
  • failure of foramina of Luschka and Magendie to open > dilation of IV ventricle
  • agenesis of cerebellar vermis and splenium of the corpus callosum
41
Q

What is hydrocephalus most often caused by?

A

stenosis of cerebral aqueduct

CSF accumulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus?

A

increased head circumfrence

43
Q

What is holoprosencephaly? Major characteristics?

A
  • incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres (right and left cerebral hemispheres)
  • one ventricle in telencephalon
44
Q

What chromosomal abnormality is often present in infants presenting with holoprosencephaly?

A

trisomy 13 (Patau)

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part III (13 decks)

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