Chapter 7- Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
structure of the body and relationship of parts to each other. How it’s made
2
Q
Physiology
A
Function of the living body and its parts. How they work
3
Q
Supine
A
Lying face up on back
4
Q
Prone
A
Laying face down on his stomach
5
Q
Lateral recumbent position
A
Lying on his left or right side.
6
Q
Fowler’s position
A
Patient is lying on his back with his upper body elevated at a 45* angle.
7
Q
Semi- Fowler’s position
A
The patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated less than 45*
8
Q
Trendelenburg position
A
Lying on his back with his legs higher than the head, and body on an inclined plane
9
Q
Shock position
A
Alternative to the trendelenburg, but feet and legs are elevated 12 inches
10
Q
Anatomical
Planes
A
Imaginary divisions of the body.
11
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Median plane, vertical plane that runs length wise and divides the body into right and left segments.
12
Q
Frontal plane or coronal plane.
A
Divides the body into front and back halves.
13
Q
Transverse plane or horizontal plane.
A
Parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves.
14
Q
Midline
A
Visualize the patient is facing you
15
Q
Midaxillary line
A
Standing in profile, now draw a line vertically from the middle of the patients armpit down to the ankle
16
Q
Anterior
A
The patients front
17
Q
Posterior
A
The patients back
18
Q
Transverse line
A
Normal anatomical position. Now draw a line through the patients waist
19
Q
Superior plane
A
Above the waist
20
Q
Inferior plane
A
Below the waist
21
Q
Anterior / posterior
A
Towards the front, and towards the back.
22
Q
Superior and inferior
A
Towards the head, towards the feet
23
Q
Dorsal and ventral
A
Dorsal - towards the back or back bone
Ventral - towards the belly or abdomen
24
Q
Medial and lateral
A
Medial means towards the middle of the body
Lateral is towards the left or the right.
Bilateral is both sides of the body.
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Proximal and distal
Proximal - close to point of reference
| Distal - far from point of reference
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Right and left
Always the patients right and left.
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Midclavicular and midaxillary
Midclavicular - center of each collar bones
28
Plantar and palmar
Planter, soul of the foot
| Palmar - palm of the hand.
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Ligaments
Connects the bones
30
Tendons
Connect the muscles too the bones
31
Skull
Top of the spinal cord, houses and protects the brain
32
Cranium
Forms the top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead.
33
Face
14 bones, 13 are immovable.
34
Nasal bones, maxillae, zygomatic bones, mandible.
Nasal bones, bed of the nose
Maxillae, fused bones of the upper jaw
Zygomatic bones, cheek bones
Mandible, lower jaw.
35
Spinal
| Colin or vertebrae column
Principle support of the body. Ribs originate from it to from the thoracic cavity.
36
Vertebrae
Great deal of mobility, is made up of irregularly shaped blocks of bones called vertebrae.
37
Cervical spine
The first seven vertebrae from the cervical spine, which is the most prone to injury
38
Thoracic spine
The 12 are directly inferior to the cervical spine form the upper back. 12 pairs of ribs are attached to the spine posterior kt and hell support vertebrae
39
Lumbar spine
The next 5 vertebrae form lower back, they are the least mobile
40
Coccyx
Last 4 vertebrae, fused and do not have the protrusions characteristics of other vertebrae
41
Thorax
Or chest is composed or the ribs.
42
Manubrium
Flat narrow bone in the middle of the anterior chest, the clavicle is attached to the superior portion of the sternum
43
Xiphoid process
The inferior portion of the sternum
44
Pelvis
Is a doughnut shaped structure that consists of several bones. At each side of the pelvis is an iliac crest. Or the wings of the pelvis
45
Pubis
Anterior abs inferior portion of the pelvis. And the ischium is the posterior and inferior portion.
46
Extremities
Arms and legs
47
Acetabulum
Joint that is made up of the pelvic socket
48
Patella
Knee joint is protected and stabilized by this
49
Fibula and fibula
Bones of the lower leg
50
Medial malleolus
The smaller end of the tibia forms this of the ankle
51
Calcaneus
Heel bone
52
Phalanges
14 bones on each foot forms the toes.
53
Clavicle
Collar bone
54
Scapula
Shoulder blade
55
Acromion
Clavicle and scapula form a girdle, the tip of which is called this.
56
Humerus
Largest bone in the upper extremity.
57
Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm
58
Ulna
The medial bone of the forearm
59
Olecranon
Part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow.
60
Flexion
Bending towards the body
61
Extension
Straightening the body
62
Abduction
Movement away from midline
63
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
64
Circumduction
Combination of the 4 proceeding motions as is possible with the shoulder joint conical movement, or movement through 360*
65
Pronation
Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the back
66
Supination
Turning the forearms so the palm of the hand is facing the front
67
Ball and socket joint
Permits the widest range of motion. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
68
Hinged joint
Permit flex at ion and extension,
69
Pivot point
Allows for a turning motion, includes, the joints between the neck at the first and second cervical vertebrae and those in the wrist
70
Gliding point
Bones slides across another, to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion
71
Saddle
| Point
Permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes.
72
Condlyoid joint
Modified ball and socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions
73
Skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle
Can be contracted and relax as but will of the individual
74
Smooth muscle
Made of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body through rhythmic wavelike movements
75
Cardiac muscle
Found only in walls of heart. Special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for the work of the heart. Property of automaticity
76
Respiration
Refers to the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes in and out of the Aveoli and cells.
77
Oxygenation
Oxygen molecules move across membranes from an area of high oxygen concentrate to a area of low.
78
Ventilation
Based on changes In pressure inside the chest that cause air flow into or out of the lungs.
79
Upper airway
Nares
Mouth and oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
80
Lower airway
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
81
Conchae
The nasal cavity extends from the nares t to the distal end
82
Nasopharynx
Is the first and the most superior part of the pharynx it extends from the posterior distal ends of the Conchae and the nasal cavity to the soft palate
83
Oropharynx
Is the middle part of the pharynx, is located behind the soft palate and extends down to the epiglottis
84
Laryngopharnx
Is the portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue to the openings of the esophagus
85
Larynx
Makes up the anterior portion of the throat and extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea
86
Epiglottis
Is a flexible cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage and extend superiorly toward the tongue to form a flap
87
Aspiration
If liquid blood vomit or another substance is in the mouth or nasal cavity of an unresponsive patient or one with a severely altered mental status it may be able to move past the epiglottis into the larynx trachea and aveoli
88
Trachea
Commonly referred to as the wind pipe is attached to the distal end of the larynx and a sense down word about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae
89
Trachealis muscle
The posterior wall of the trachea has no cartilage and is made up of flexible ligament tissue and smooth muscle called his.
90
Bronchi
The distal portion of the trachea branches into two main tubes or bronchi one branching off to each lung.
91
Surfactant
Thin layer of fluid lining the AV Oli that contains that and protein molecules called this
92
Lungs
The principal organs of respiration or the lungs to large lobed organs that house thousands of tiny alveolar sacks responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
93
Visceral pleura
A thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs
94
Parietal pleura
A layer of thick more elastic tissue that covers the internal chest wall
95
Pleural cavity
A tiny space with a negative pressure that allows the lungs to stay inflated with air
96
Intercostal muscles
During insulation the diaphragm in this contracts increasing the size of the thoracic cavity
97
Heart
A highly efficient pump is a chambered muscular organ that lies within the chest in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs
98
Atria
The upper chambers called this receive blood from the veins
99
Ventricles
These pump blood out of the arteries
100
Valves
Between the chambers of the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction and prevent the backflow of blood
101
Tricuspid valve
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
102
Pulmonary valve
At the base of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
103
Mitral valve
Also known as the bicuspid valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
104
Aortic valve
At the base of the aortic artery in the left ventricle
105
Artery
Carries blood away from the heart
106
Aorta
The major artery from the heart the aorta lies in front of the spine and passes through the thoracic and abdominal cavities
107
Coronary arteries
The coronary arteries are the vessels that supply the heart itself with blood
108
Carotid arteries
The carotid arteries supply the brain and head with blood
109
Femoral arteries
The femoral artery is the major artery of the Tyanne and supplies the groin and legs with blood
110
Dorsal is pedis arteries
Pulsations of the dorsalis pedis and artery in the foot can be felt on the top of the surface of the foot on the big toe side
111
Brachial arteries
The brachial artery is the major artery of the upper arm as potations can be felt at the front of the elbow and on the medial are midway between the shoulder and the elbow
112
Radial arteries
The radio artery is the major artery of the arm distal to the elbow joint
113
Pulmonary arteries
The pulmonary arteries which originate at the right ventricle of the heart to carry oxygen depleted blood to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated and return to the heart for circulation throughout the body
114
Capillary
A tiny blood vessel that contains an arteriole to a venule, has walls that allow for exchange of gases and nutrients and waste at the cellular level
115
The venules
The smallest branch of the veins of venule is connected to the distal ends of the capillaries
116
Vein
Carries blood back to the heart
117
Venae cavae
Carry oxygen depleted blood back to the right atrium where it begins circulation through the heart and lungs
118
The pulmonary veins
Carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
119
Red blood cells
The red cells give the blood its color carry oxygen to the body cells and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells
120
White blood cells
The white cells are part of the body‘s immune system and help to defend against infection
121
Platelets
Other clotting factors Platetels and other clotting factors are essential to the formation of blood clots necessary to stop bleeding
122
Plasma
Is the liquid part of the blood which carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues
123
Systolic blood pressure
Is exerted against the walls of the arteries when left ventricle contracts
124
Distolic blood pressure
Is exerted against the walls of the arteries when they left ventricle is that rest or between contractions
125
Hydrostatic pressure
Is the force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume
126
Edema
Swelling occurring in tissues
127
Perfusion
Is the delivery of oxygen glucose and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems in the illumination of carbon dioxide and other waste products that result from cost in adequate current circulation of blood through the capillaries
128
Hypo perfusion
Is the insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body cells in the inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste that result from inadequate adequate circulation of blood
129
Aerobic metabolism
The carbon dioxide is transported away from the cell and one of the most methods previously discussed and blown off by the lungs
130
Anaerobic metabolism
The process of metabolizing in glucose without producing much energy
131
Nervous system
Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the human body
132
Central nervous system
Contains the brain which is located in the cranium in the spinal cord which is located in the spinal column
133
Cerebrum
The outer most portion of the brain the cerebrum occupies nearly all the cranial cavity
134
Cerebellum
Also called the small brain is the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium
135
Brainstem
Contains the mesencephalon the pons. And the medulla oblongata
136
The peripheral nervous system
Is composed of the nerves located outside the spinal cord and brain
137
Endocrine system
Is made up of Douglas glands the bodies regulators secretions form these glands are called hormones chemical substances that have affects on the activity of certain organs
138
Integumentary system
All of the various tissues and organs and systems that make up the human body are separated from outside the environment by the skin which is also known as the integumentary system
139
Epidermis
Or outer most layer of skin is composed of four layers of cells the outer two layers are dying in dead cells that are sloughed off as new cells replace them
140
Dermis
Second layer of the skin is much thicker than the epidermis it contains the vast network of blood vessels that supply the skin as well as the hair follicles sweat glands and sensory glands
141
Subcutaneous layer
It varies in thickness depending of what part of the body it covers subcutaneous tissue of the eyelids for example it is thin but out of the abdomen and Buttocks is thick
142
Digestive system
Is composed of the alimentary track and the accessory organs
143
Urinary system
Filters and Excretes waste from the blood it consists of two kidneys which filter waste from the bloodstream and help control fluid balance to ureters which carries the waist from the kidneys to the bladder one urinary bladder which stores that you’re in prior to excretion and one urethra which carries the urine from the bladder out of the body
144
Combining form
The combining form is the foundation of the word and gives you the word it’s essential meaning
145
Suffix
Is award part added to the end of a combining form that modifies or gives additional or specific meaning to the combining form
146
Prefix
Is the word part that comes before combining form
