Chapter 7 - Age- and Sex-Related Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Exercise Flashcards
An 8-year-old boy dramatically increased his upper body strength after following a six-month resistance training program. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this gain?
a. increased number of muscle fibers
b. enhanced cross-sectional area
c. greater muscle density
d. improved neuromuscular functioning
d. improved neuromuscular functioning
Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following EXCEPT the
a. diaphysis
b. epiphyseal plate
c. joint surface
d. apophyseal insertion
a. diaphysis
The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called…
a. sarcopenia
b. osteopenia
c. osteoporosis
d. scoliosis
c. osteoporosis
Which of the following should be evaluated FIRST when one is designing a training program for a 68-year- old competitive female tennis player?
a. cardiovascular fitness
b. lower body strength
c. balance and agility
d. medical history
d. medical history
Deconditioned female college athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for developing injuries to the
a. back
b. knee
c. wrist
d. neck
b. knee
Development period between childhood and adulthood with accelerated growth and sexual maturation
Adolescence
State of full physical and sexual maturity in men and women
Adulthood
The absence of a menstrual cycle for more than 3 months
Amenorrhea
Ligament in the front of the knee
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Location of tendon insertion along the diaphysis where growth cartilage is located
Apophyseal
Human age measured in terms of skeletal age, physique maturity, or sexual maturation
Biological age
Period of life before the development of secondary sex characteristics
Childhood
The age in months or years
Chronological age
Muscle contraction following ground contract
Cocontraction
The natural progression from prenatal life to adulthood
Development
The central shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
Slender and tall build
Ectomorphic
Rounded build with broader hips
Endomorphic
The interrelationship between menstrual function, energy availability, and bone mineral density in female athletes
Female athlete triad
Increase in body size or particular body part
Growth
Secondary ossification centers found on the epiphyseal growth plate, joint surface, and apophyseal insertions of muscle-tendon units
Growth cartilage
The process of becoming mature and fully-functional
Maturation
The onset of menstruation
Menarche
Muscular build with broad shoulders
Mesomorphic
Ages above 65 years old
Older
Loss of bone mineral density between -1 and -2.5 standard deviations from the adult mean
Osteopenia
Loss of bone mineral density below -2.5 standard deviations from the adult mean
Osteoporosis
age of maximal growth during a puberty growth spurt
Peak height velocity (PHV)
muscle contraction before ground contact
Preactivation
the period of time in which secondary sex characteristics develop and a child transitions to young adulthood
Puberty
Exercise involving a wide range of resistive loads to enhance physical health and performance
Resistance exercise
Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with age
Sarcopenia
Age above 65
Senior
Amount of time spent following a structured, well-planned resistance training program
Training age
Children and adolescents
Youth
Child or adolescent athlete
Young athlete
