Chapter 6 - Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Programs Flashcards
A 17-year-old high school cross-country runner has been training aerobically for six months in preparation for the upcoming season. Which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time?
a. increased concentration of glycolytic enzymes
b. hyperplasia of Type II fibers
c. transformation from Type I to Type II fibers
d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers
d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the
a. cardiac output
b. a-v ̅O2 difference
c. heart rate
d. stroke volume
d. stroke volume
Which of the following does NOT normally increase during an aerobic exercise session?
a. end-diastolic volume
b. cardiac contractility
c. cardiac output
d. diastolic blood pressure
d. diastolic blood pressure
The mean arterial pressure is defined as the
a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
b. average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures
c. average systolic blood pressure during exercise
d. average of blood pressure and heart rate
a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically trained athletes include which of the following?
I. increased maximal oxygen uptake
II. decreased blood lactate concentration III. increased running economy
IV. decreased capillary density
a. I and III only
b. II and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
d. II, III, and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
The final passages in the respiratory system where gases are exchanged from the lungs.
Alveoli
the area not functional for gas exchange (trachea, nose, mouth)
Anatomical dead space
the difference in O2 content of arterial and venous blood
Arteriovenous oxygen difference
The process of artificially increasing red blood cell mass
Blood doping
Low heart rate
Bradycardia
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in liters per minute.
Cardiac output
The partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations in response to an insufficient training stimulus
Detraining
The phase of heart contraction after blood has been pumped before the heart is filled
Diastole
the pressure exerted on arterial walls when no blood being ejected
Diastolic blood pressure
The movement of gasses across a membrane based on their partial pressures (O2 and CO2 in the case of the alveoli and capillaries)
Diffusion
The product of stroke volume and heart rate that results in the cardiac output value also known as the rate-product
Double product
the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected during heart contraction
Ejection fraction
Volume of blood in the left ventricle after filling phase
End-diastolic volume
Performance-enhancing substance that increases red blood cell production
Erythropoietin
used to calculate oxygen uptake
VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
Fick equation
the principle that increased end-diastolic volume stretches myocardial fibers resulting in more forceful contraction and increased systolic ejection
Frank-Starling mechanism
Short period of intensified training
Functional overreaching
the number of heartbeats per minute (BPM)
Heart rate
Increased pulmonary ventilation at rest and during exercise
Hyperoxic breathing
Hyperventilation
the maximum heart rate attainable via exercise
Maximal heart rate
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be used by the body
Maximal oxygen uptake
average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure
.5ml O2 per minute per kg.bw - typical resting O2 consumption
Metabolic equivalent
The volume of air breathed per minute
Minute ventilation
Organelle of cells that facilitates aerobic metabolism
Mitochondria
a protein that transports oxygen within the muscle cell
Myoglobin
An extended period of excessive training beyond FOR
Nonfunctional overreaching
Increased training volume and intensity over extended periods. Can be functional or nonfunctional
Overreaching
A continuum of responses to intensified training without proper recovery
Overtraining
Serious drop in performance and other markers associated with long periods of excessive volume and intensity without recovery
Overtraining syndrome (OTS)
the amount of oxygen consumed by body tissues
Oxygen uptake
Area of the respiratory system that does not allow gas exchange due to damaged alveoli
Physiological dead space
The product of stroke volume and heart rate that results in the cardiac output value
Rate-pressure product
Contraction phase of a heartbeat
Systole
The amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
Stroke volume
pressure during contraction
Systolic blood pressure
Planned reduction of training volume that occurs before competitive or as a part of a recovery microcycle
Tapering
the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
Tidal volume
Tightening of veins or arteries to reduce blood flow
Vasoconstriction
Enlargement of veins or arteries to allow increased blood flow
Vasodilation
The amount of blood returning to the heart
Venous return
The ratio of the volume of air ventilating the lungs to the volume of oxygen consumed
Ventilatory equivalent
