Chapter 5 - Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs Flashcards
Following resistance training, augmented neural drive to the working musculature is the result of
I. increased agonist muscle recruitment
II. muscle hypertrophy
III. improved firing rate
IV. greater synchronization
a. all of the above
b. I and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
d. I, II, and IV only
d. I, II, and IV only
When one is performing a box-to-box plyometric drop jump, in order to generate sufficient force in a limited amount of time (<200 ms), which muscle fibers are bypassed through the principle of selective recruitment?
a. I
b. IIa
c. IIx
d. IIc
a. I
Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?
a. stagnation and a decrease in performance
b. hormonal disturbances
c. mood disturbances and depression
d. increased levels of fatigue
c. mood disturbances and depression
Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?
a. total fat mass
b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
c. slow-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
d. total Type I muscle fiber content
b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
Following a period of chronic high-intensity resistance training, a variety of physiological adaptations take place in a number of systems within the body that promote improved athletic performance in strength/power activities. If an elite athlete were to undergo 12 weeks of heavy strength training, which of the following adaptations would NOT be expected consequent to this type of anaerobic exercise?
a. a transition from Type IIx to Type IIa muscle fiber
b. increased pennation angle in certain muscle groups
c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density
d. elevated sodium–potassium ATPase activity
c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density
In which of the following athletes might you expect limited bone mineral density (BMD) levels as a conse- quence of the force vectors and the physical demands associated with the given sport?
a. a 16-year-old gymnast with a seven-year training history in her sport
b. a 23-year-old offensive lineman who has lifted weights for eight years
c. a 33-year-old track cyclist who has a 1RM squat of 352 pounds
d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training
d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training
One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers
Actin
Anaerobic alactic system
Intense training that requires ATP regeneration at a faster rate than the capability of the aerobic system
Anaerobic training
Force produced when both limbs contract is lower than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb
Bilateral deficit
Force produced when both limbs contract is greater than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb
Bilateral facilitation
Collagen fibers that calcify into hydroxyapatite to form the bone structure
Bone matrix
Quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of bone
Bone mineral density (BMD)
The primary structural component of all connective tissue
Collagen
Hard outer bone layer that surrounds the trabecular bone
Cortical bone
Unilateral resistance training increases strength and neural activity in the contralateral resting muscle
Cross-education
Strong chemical bonds between collagen molecules
Cross-linking
A decrement in performance and loss of physiological adaptations following the cessation of anaerobic training or substantial reduction in volume, intensity, or frequency
Detraining
Elastic fibers found in ligament tissue
Elastin
Electrical measure of muscle activation
Electromyography (EMG)
Tough cartilage found in intervertebral disks and at the tendon-bone junctions
Fibrous cartilage
Excessive training leading to short term detriments in performance.
Functional overreaching (FOR)
Articular cartilage found on the ends of bones
Hyaline cartilage
Calcium phosphate crystals - forms the bone matrix
Hydroxyapatite
increase in muscle fibers via longitudinal splitting in response to high-intensity resistance training.
Hyperplasia
Increase in muscle cross-section via the addition of new fibers or enlargement of existing fibers.
Hypertrophy
The addition of external load to the body via resistance training.
Mechanical loading
A pair of collagen filaments
Microfibril
The threshold stimulus for new bone formation
Minimal essential strain (MES)
alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers it activates
Motor unit
Muscle protein synthesis and growth
Myogenesis
One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers
Myosin
Neural reflex caused by muscle spindles that enhances the involuntary elastic properties of muscle and connective tissue to increase force production
Myotatic reflex
One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue
Nebulin
Junction between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Neuromuscular junction
Stagnation of decrease in performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, and hormonal disturbance that can last from weeks to months
Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR)
Cells in the bone that lay down collagen following damage to the bone from resistance training
Osteoblasts
Factors that stimulate new bone formation
Osteogenic stimuli
A disease where BMD and bone mass are reduced to critically low levels
Osteoporosis
Short term detriments to performance following excessive training
Overreaching
Decrease in health and performance from a combination of excessive frequency, volume, or intensity without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake
Overtraining
Prolonged maladaptation of biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms
Overtraining syndrome (OTS)
The final phase of overtraining marked by increased parasympathetic activity at rest and during exercise
Parasympathetic overtraining syndrome
Highest bone mass that an individual has in life.
Peak bone mass
The angle of muscle fibers relative to an imaginary line between the origin and insertion.
Pennation angle
The outer bone surface
Periosteum
The parent protein to collagen synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts
Procollagen
Progressively placing greater than normal demands on musculature
Progressive overload
A measure of myocardial work - heart rate x systolic blood pressure
Rate-pressure product
Increase in blood flow to the working tissue following a set
Reactive hyperemia
Allows advanced lifters to “skip over” the type I fiber recruitment associated with the size principle in order to rapidly generate maximum force by immediately recruiting type II fibers- i.e. Olympic weightlifters
Selective recruitment
Motor units are recruited in selective order based on recruitment threshold and firing rate.
Size principle
Principle that demands the loading of the skeletal region where bone growth is desired
Specificity of loading
Microfractures in the bone due to structural fatigue
Stress fractures
Exercises that direct force vectors through the spine and hip
Structural exercises
the amount of force required per unit of tendon elongation
Tendon stiffness
One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue
Titin
Spongy bone tissue found inside the bone structure
Trabecular bone
The ratio of air ventilated to oxygen used by tissues
Ventilatory equivalent
