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Practice Questions > Chapter 5 - Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs Flashcards

1
Q

Following resistance training, augmented neural drive to the working musculature is the result of

I. increased agonist muscle recruitment
II. muscle hypertrophy
III. improved firing rate
IV. greater synchronization

a. all of the above
b. I and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
d. I, II, and IV only

A

d. I, II, and IV only

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2
Q

When one is performing a box-to-box plyometric drop jump, in order to generate sufficient force in a limited amount of time (<200 ms), which muscle fibers are bypassed through the principle of selective recruitment?
a. I
b. IIa
c. IIx
d. IIc

A

a. I

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3
Q

Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?

a. stagnation and a decrease in performance
b. hormonal disturbances
c. mood disturbances and depression
d. increased levels of fatigue

A

c. mood disturbances and depression

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4
Q

Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?

a. total fat mass
b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
c. slow-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
d. total Type I muscle fiber content

A

b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area

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5
Q

Following a period of chronic high-intensity resistance training, a variety of physiological adaptations take place in a number of systems within the body that promote improved athletic performance in strength/power activities. If an elite athlete were to undergo 12 weeks of heavy strength training, which of the following adaptations would NOT be expected consequent to this type of anaerobic exercise?

a. a transition from Type IIx to Type IIa muscle fiber
b. increased pennation angle in certain muscle groups
c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density
d. elevated sodium–potassium ATPase activity

A

c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density

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6
Q

In which of the following athletes might you expect limited bone mineral density (BMD) levels as a conse- quence of the force vectors and the physical demands associated with the given sport?

a. a 16-year-old gymnast with a seven-year training history in her sport
b. a 23-year-old offensive lineman who has lifted weights for eight years
c. a 33-year-old track cyclist who has a 1RM squat of 352 pounds
d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training

A

d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training

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7
Q

One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers

A

Actin

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8
Q
A

Anaerobic alactic system

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9
Q

Intense training that requires ATP regeneration at a faster rate than the capability of the aerobic system

A

Anaerobic training

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10
Q

Force produced when both limbs contract is lower than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb

A

Bilateral deficit

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11
Q

Force produced when both limbs contract is greater than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb

A

Bilateral facilitation

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12
Q

Collagen fibers that calcify into hydroxyapatite to form the bone structure

A

Bone matrix

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13
Q

Quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of bone

A

Bone mineral density (BMD)

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14
Q

The primary structural component of all connective tissue

A

Collagen

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15
Q

Hard outer bone layer that surrounds the trabecular bone

A

Cortical bone

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16
Q

Unilateral resistance training increases strength and neural activity in the contralateral resting muscle

A

Cross-education

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17
Q

Strong chemical bonds between collagen molecules

A

Cross-linking

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18
Q

A decrement in performance and loss of physiological adaptations following the cessation of anaerobic training or substantial reduction in volume, intensity, or frequency

A

Detraining

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19
Q

Elastic fibers found in ligament tissue

A

Elastin

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20
Q

Electrical measure of muscle activation

A

Electromyography (EMG)

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21
Q

Tough cartilage found in intervertebral disks and at the tendon-bone junctions

A

Fibrous cartilage

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22
Q

Excessive training leading to short term detriments in performance.

A

Functional overreaching (FOR)

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23
Q

Articular cartilage found on the ends of bones

A

Hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

Calcium phosphate crystals - forms the bone matrix

A

Hydroxyapatite

25
Q

increase in muscle fibers via longitudinal splitting in response to high-intensity resistance training.

A

Hyperplasia

26
Q

Increase in muscle cross-section via the addition of new fibers or enlargement of existing fibers.

A

Hypertrophy

27
Q

The addition of external load to the body via resistance training.

A

Mechanical loading

28
Q

A pair of collagen filaments

A

Microfibril

29
Q

The threshold stimulus for new bone formation

A

Minimal essential strain (MES)

30
Q

alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers it activates

A

Motor unit

31
Q

Muscle protein synthesis and growth

A

Myogenesis

32
Q

One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers

A

Myosin

33
Q

Neural reflex caused by muscle spindles that enhances the involuntary elastic properties of muscle and connective tissue to increase force production

A

Myotatic reflex

34
Q

One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue

A

Nebulin

35
Q

Junction between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Neuromuscular junction

36
Q

Stagnation of decrease in performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, and hormonal disturbance that can last from weeks to months

A

Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR)

37
Q

Cells in the bone that lay down collagen following damage to the bone from resistance training

A

Osteoblasts

38
Q

Factors that stimulate new bone formation

A

Osteogenic stimuli

39
Q

A disease where BMD and bone mass are reduced to critically low levels

A

Osteoporosis

40
Q

Short term detriments to performance following excessive training

A

Overreaching

41
Q

Decrease in health and performance from a combination of excessive frequency, volume, or intensity without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake

A

Overtraining

42
Q

Prolonged maladaptation of biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms

A

Overtraining syndrome (OTS)

43
Q

The final phase of overtraining marked by increased parasympathetic activity at rest and during exercise

A

Parasympathetic overtraining syndrome

44
Q

Highest bone mass that an individual has in life.

A

Peak bone mass

45
Q

The angle of muscle fibers relative to an imaginary line between the origin and insertion.

A

Pennation angle

46
Q

The outer bone surface

A

Periosteum

47
Q

The parent protein to collagen synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts

A

Procollagen

48
Q

Progressively placing greater than normal demands on musculature

A

Progressive overload

49
Q

A measure of myocardial work - heart rate x systolic blood pressure

A

Rate-pressure product

50
Q

Increase in blood flow to the working tissue following a set

A

Reactive hyperemia

51
Q

Allows advanced lifters to “skip over” the type I fiber recruitment associated with the size principle in order to rapidly generate maximum force by immediately recruiting type II fibers- i.e. Olympic weightlifters

A

Selective recruitment

52
Q

Motor units are recruited in selective order based on recruitment threshold and firing rate.

A

Size principle

53
Q

Principle that demands the loading of the skeletal region where bone growth is desired

A

Specificity of loading

54
Q

Microfractures in the bone due to structural fatigue

A

Stress fractures

55
Q

Exercises that direct force vectors through the spine and hip

A

Structural exercises

56
Q

the amount of force required per unit of tendon elongation

A

Tendon stiffness

57
Q

One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue

A

Titin

58
Q

Spongy bone tissue found inside the bone structure

A

Trabecular bone

59
Q

The ratio of air ventilated to oxygen used by tissues

A

Ventilatory equivalent

Practice Questions (8 decks)

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