Chapter 5 - Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs

Question 1

Following resistance training, augmented neural drive to the working musculature is the result of

I. increased agonist muscle recruitment
II. muscle hypertrophy
III. improved firing rate
IV. greater synchronization

a. all of the above
b. I and IV only
c. I, II, and III only
d. I, II, and IV only

Answer 1

d. I, II, and IV only

Question 2

When one is performing a box-to-box plyometric drop jump, in order to generate sufficient force in a limited amount of time (<200 ms), which muscle fibers are bypassed through the principle of selective recruitment?
a. I
b. IIa
c. IIx
d. IIc

Answer 2

a. I

Question 3

Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?

a. stagnation and a decrease in performance
b. hormonal disturbances
c. mood disturbances and depression
d. increased levels of fatigue

Answer 3

c. mood disturbances and depression

Question 4

Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?

a. total fat mass
b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
c. slow-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
d. total Type I muscle fiber content

Answer 4

b. fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area

Question 5

Following a period of chronic high-intensity resistance training, a variety of physiological adaptations take place in a number of systems within the body that promote improved athletic performance in strength/power activities. If an elite athlete were to undergo 12 weeks of heavy strength training, which of the following adaptations would NOT be expected consequent to this type of anaerobic exercise?

a. a transition from Type IIx to Type IIa muscle fiber
b. increased pennation angle in certain muscle groups
c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density
d. elevated sodium–potassium ATPase activity

Answer 5

c. reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density

Question 6

In which of the following athletes might you expect limited bone mineral density (BMD) levels as a conse- quence of the force vectors and the physical demands associated with the given sport?

a. a 16-year-old gymnast with a seven-year training history in her sport
b. a 23-year-old offensive lineman who has lifted weights for eight years
c. a 33-year-old track cyclist who has a 1RM squat of 352 pounds
d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training

Answer 6

d. a 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training

Question 7

One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers

Answer 7

Actin

Answer 8

Anaerobic alactic system

Question 9

Intense training that requires ATP regeneration at a faster rate than the capability of the aerobic system

Answer 9

Anaerobic training

Question 10

Force produced when both limbs contract is lower than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb

Answer 10

Bilateral deficit

Question 11

Force produced when both limbs contract is greater than the sum of unilateral force production in each limb

Answer 11

Bilateral facilitation

Question 12

Collagen fibers that calcify into hydroxyapatite to form the bone structure

Answer 12

Bone matrix

Question 13

Quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of bone

Answer 13

Bone mineral density (BMD)

Question 14

The primary structural component of all connective tissue

Answer 14

Collagen

Question 15

Hard outer bone layer that surrounds the trabecular bone

Answer 15

Cortical bone

Question 16

Unilateral resistance training increases strength and neural activity in the contralateral resting muscle

Answer 16

Cross-education

Question 17

Strong chemical bonds between collagen molecules

Answer 17

Cross-linking

Question 18

A decrement in performance and loss of physiological adaptations following the cessation of anaerobic training or substantial reduction in volume, intensity, or frequency

Answer 18

Detraining

Question 19

Elastic fibers found in ligament tissue

Answer 19

Elastin

Question 20

Electrical measure of muscle activation

Answer 20

Electromyography (EMG)

Question 21

Tough cartilage found in intervertebral disks and at the tendon-bone junctions

Answer 21

Fibrous cartilage

Question 22

Excessive training leading to short term detriments in performance.

Answer 22

Functional overreaching (FOR)

Question 23

Articular cartilage found on the ends of bones

Answer 23

Hyaline cartilage

Question 24

Calcium phosphate crystals - forms the bone matrix

Answer 24

Hydroxyapatite

Question 25

increase in muscle fibers via longitudinal splitting in response to high-intensity resistance training.

Answer 25

Hyperplasia

Question 26

Increase in muscle cross-section via the addition of new fibers or enlargement of existing fibers.

Answer 26

Hypertrophy

Question 27

The addition of external load to the body via resistance training.

Answer 27

Mechanical loading

Question 28

A pair of collagen filaments

Answer 28

Microfibril

Question 29

The threshold stimulus for new bone formation

Answer 29

Minimal essential strain (MES)

Question 30

alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers it activates

Answer 30

Motor unit

Question 31

Muscle protein synthesis and growth

Answer 31

Myogenesis

Question 32

One of the main contractile proteins in muscle fibers

Answer 32

Myosin

Question 33

Neural reflex caused by muscle spindles that enhances the involuntary elastic properties of muscle and connective tissue to increase force production

Answer 33

Myotatic reflex

Question 34

One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue

Answer 34

Nebulin

Question 35

Junction between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Answer 35

Neuromuscular junction

Question 36

Stagnation of decrease in performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, and hormonal disturbance that can last from weeks to months

Answer 36

Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR)

Question 37

Cells in the bone that lay down collagen following damage to the bone from resistance training

Answer 37

Osteoblasts

Question 38

Factors that stimulate new bone formation

Answer 38

Osteogenic stimuli

Question 39

A disease where BMD and bone mass are reduced to critically low levels

Answer 39

Osteoporosis

Question 40

Short term detriments to performance following excessive training

Answer 40

Overreaching

Question 41

Decrease in health and performance from a combination of excessive frequency, volume, or intensity without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake

Answer 41

Overtraining

Question 42

Prolonged maladaptation of biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms

Answer 42

Overtraining syndrome (OTS)

Question 43

The final phase of overtraining marked by increased parasympathetic activity at rest and during exercise

Answer 43

Parasympathetic overtraining syndrome

Question 44

Highest bone mass that an individual has in life.

Answer 44

Peak bone mass

Question 45

The angle of muscle fibers relative to an imaginary line between the origin and insertion.

Answer 45

Pennation angle

Question 46

The outer bone surface

Answer 46

Periosteum

Question 47

The parent protein to collagen synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts

Answer 47

Procollagen

Question 48

Progressively placing greater than normal demands on musculature

Answer 48

Progressive overload

Question 49

A measure of myocardial work - heart rate x systolic blood pressure

Answer 49

Rate-pressure product

Question 50

Increase in blood flow to the working tissue following a set

Answer 50

Reactive hyperemia

Question 51

Allows advanced lifters to “skip over” the type I fiber recruitment associated with the size principle in order to rapidly generate maximum force by immediately recruiting type II fibers- i.e. Olympic weightlifters

Answer 51

Selective recruitment

Question 52

Motor units are recruited in selective order based on recruitment threshold and firing rate.

Answer 52

Size principle

Question 53

Principle that demands the loading of the skeletal region where bone growth is desired

Answer 53

Specificity of loading

Question 54

Microfractures in the bone due to structural fatigue

Answer 54

Stress fractures

Question 55

Exercises that direct force vectors through the spine and hip

Answer 55

Structural exercises

Question 56

the amount of force required per unit of tendon elongation

Answer 56

Tendon stiffness

Question 57

One of the structural proteins in muscle tissue

Answer 57

Titin

Question 58

Spongy bone tissue found inside the bone structure

Answer 58

Trabecular bone

Question 59

The ratio of air ventilated to oxygen used by tissues

Answer 59

Ventilatory equivalent