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Pathology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Toxicology is defined as?

A

The science of poisons (textbook)

study of the adverse effects ofchemicals (“poisons”) on living organisms (notes)

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1
Q

Which is more common?

Accidents or occupational illness

A

Occupational illness

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2
Q

What is a xenobiotic?

A

Xenobiotic: exogenous chemicals not produced orexpected in an organism, but found inside.
(air, H20, food, and soil)

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3
Q

Most chemicals are metabolized into what?

A

Water soluble products (detoxification)

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4
Q

What phase of biotransformation involves hydrolosis, oxidation, or reduction in an attempt to metabolize xenobiotics?

A

Phase 1

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5
Q

glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation are associated with which phase of biotransformation?

A

Phase 2

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6
Q

What is the most important cellular enzyme involved with phase 1 biotransformation?

A

Cytochrome P450

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7
Q

Who has the greatest health risk involved with ozone?

A

Those with asthma or emphysema

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8
Q

Sulfur dioxide, particulates, and acid aerosols can cause inflammation and infection which alters what process?

A

Mucociliary clearance

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9
Q

What is the most common air pollutant?

A

Ozone

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10
Q

What is the most common indoor pollutant?

A

Tobacco smoke

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11
Q

Excess lead causes what defects in 1) children 2) adults

A

Children-CNS defects

Adults-peripheral neuropathy

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12
Q

What is the major source of exposure to mercury found?

A

Contaminated fish

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13
Q

Exposing the fetus to high levels of mercury might cause what disease?

A

Minamata disease, which is characterized by cerebral palsy, blindness, and deafness.

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14
Q

What is the most preventable cause of human death?

A

Smoking

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15
Q

What may cause centrilobular liver necrosis?

A

An overdose of acetaminophen

16
Q

What is considered a disorder of energy regulation?

A

Obesity

17
Q

What are the 4 MOST common heavy metal exposures?

A

Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

18
Q

Which heavy metal Interferes with oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Arsenic

19
Q

50% of what group of people have acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

A

Individuals of Asian decent

20
Q

What is commonly used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and as a blood thinner ( ↓ heart attack or stroke risk)

A

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

AKA: ASA or salicylate

21
Q

What are complications (2) that may arise from chronic aspirin toxicity?

A
  • GI bleeding

* Convulsions and coma

22
Q

What is the most commonly used illicit drug?

A

Marijuana (cannabis sativa)

23
Q

Most common cause of death due to a thermal injury?

Most common agent?

A

Sepsis,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

24
Q

H2O depletion due to hyperthermia is called?

A

Hypovolemia

25
Q

What are the 2 major categories associated with electrical injury?

A
  1. Thermal burns

2. Cardiorespiratory failure (ventricular fibrillation)

26
Q

What is the most common source of irradiation?

A

X-rays and gamma rays

27
Q

What fraction of ionizing radiation is environmental?

A

4/5

28
Q

Irradiation has a pronounced effect on which cells?

A

Labile cells

29
Q

Describe the difference between primary and secondary malnutrition

A
  • 1˚ malnutrition: missing ≥1 nutrient
  • 2˚ malnutrition: nutrient supply is adequate, but malabsorption, impaired utilization/storage, or excessive nutrient loss impacts homeostasis
30
Q

Malnutrition is classified as what percentage of normal weight?

A

<80% of normal weight

31
Q

What is described as self induced starvation?

A

Anorexia nervosa

32
Q

Which is more common, bulimia or anorexia?

A

Bulimia

33
Q

Eating the livers of animals can be associated with_____?

A

Vitamin A toxicity

Pathology (7 decks)

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