Chapter 7 Flashcards
glands
- the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system
- they are located throughout your body, including in your brain, in the area above your kidneys, in your genitals and in the front part of your neck
How are glands linked to the nervous system?
via the hypothalamus
What is the main role of the hypothalamus
direct the activity of the pituitary gland.
- a structure in your brain that makes and releases many hormones into the blood that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland
Releasing Hormones
when the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to make and release its chemical signals via chemicals
ex-gonadotropin-releasing hormone
How many parts make up the pituitary gland? Explain them.
two
- anterior pituitary (front)
- posterior pituitary(back)
anterior pituitary
-the origin for may very important hormones. these hormones travel by blood and stimulate many other endocrine glands, including your thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads
Thyroid Gland
- located in the front part of your neck resting just below the Adam’s apple
- makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect the body’s metabolism, as well as hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.
Parathyroid Glands
- located just behind the thyroid gland
- make a hormone that works along with the thyroid hormone to control the blood’s calcium level
Pancreas
- sits just under your stomach, is both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ
- as an endocrine gland, it sends hormones directly into the blood stream that helps keep the blood sugar level in balance. (secretes insulin and glucagon)
- as a gastrointestinal organ, it secretes enzymes by ducts (exocrine) directly into your intestines to help with digestion
Adrenal Gland
-gets its name from its location
-lies on top of your kidneys
-has an inner layer that makes the fight or flight hormone, adrenaline
-its outer most layer, or cortex, makes two general types of hormones
one keeps mineral levels in balance and also maintains the proper volume of water and salt in the blood.
the other keeps blood sugar levels in balance and affects your body’s response to inflammation
Gonads
help with reproduction and with expression of male and female characteristics
- male gonads are the testes/they produce testosterone
- female gonads are the ovaries/they secrete estrogens, which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy
aden/o
Root
gland
adren/o
Root
adrenal gland
adrenal/o
Root
adrenal gland
cortic/o
Root
outer surface
gonad/o
Root
gonads (sex organs)
pancreat/o
Root
pancreas
pituitar/o
Root
pituitary gland
hypophys/o
Root
pituitary gland
thym/o
Root
thymus
thyr/o
Root
thyroid
thyroid/o
Root
thyroid
gluc/o
Root
sugar
glucos/o
Root
sugar
glyc/o
Root
sugar
crin/o
Root
to secrete
Calcitonin
- a hormone that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone
- keeps the level of calcium in the blood from getting too high
Parathyroid Hormone
- it helps keep the level of calcium in the blood from getting too low.
- made in the parathyroid gland
insulin
- decreases the level of sugar in the blood
- it encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in
Glucagon
- works against insulin
- it tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increases the level of sugar in the blood
What does the inner part of the adrenal gland create?
epinephrine-which was once known as adrenaline-secreted by the medulla
- increases your heart rate
- opens your airways to get more oxygen
Norepinephrine- causes similar changes
What does the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex) create?
ACTH stimulates the cortex to release corticosteroids, which are steroid hormones made in the cortex.
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids
- testosterone and estrogen
What are the two types of Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids-hormones dealing with mineral balance
Glucocorticoids-hormones dealing with sugar balance
Glycemia
checking the glucose level in the blood
Hyperglycemia
high glucose level in the blood
Hypoglycemia
low glucose level in the blood
Euglycemia
normal glucose level in the blood
hormon/o
Root
hormone
hormone could be defined as a biochemical
ket/o
Root
ketone body
-tropin
Suffix
stimulating hormone
-emia
Suffix
blood condition (test)
-uria
Suffix
urine condition (analyisis)
viril
man
arche
beginning
hirsutism
latin- shaggy
abnormal hair growth
meno
menstrual
gyneco
woman
mast
breast
ism
condition
ia
condition
a
no
algia
pain
men
menstrural
thel
breast
em
blood
ic
pertaining to
poly
excessive
dips
thirst
phag
eat
acro
extremities
galacto
milk
pituitary dwarfism
abnormally short height caused by under secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
pituitary gigantism
abnormally tall height caused by over secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
ex
out
opthalmos
eye
megaly
abnormal enlargement
goiter
latin- gutter meaning throat
cele
tumor
ptosis
drooping condition
acid
acid
alkal
alkali
calci
calcium
eu
good
cholesterol
cholesterol
kal
potassium
lipid
fat
natr
sodium
phosphat
phosphate
ad
on
epi
upon
renal
kidney
nephr
kidney
cortico
cortex
trop
stimulating
agon
lead
oid
resembling
insul
island
in
chemical
neo
new
lysis
loosen
penia
deficiency
genesis
formation
meta
over
bol
throw
endo
inside
crino
secretion
crine
secretion
exo
outside
chol
bile
scop
looking
retro
backward
grade
step
angio
vessel
graphy
writing process
in
not
oisis
condition
sufficiency
adequate
itis
inflammation
al
pertaining to
plasia
formation
con
with
genit
birth
diabetes mellitus
pass through honey
diabet
diabetes
drome
running
syn
together
pathy
disease
dys
bad
pseudo
false
cyst
cyst
lith
stone
iasis
presence
pan
all
farc
stuff
para
beside
carcin
cancers
oma
tumor
continuous
continuous
sub
beneath
fus
pour
ion
process
toxin
poison
genic diet
creating
laparo
abdomen
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
-stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland
(pituitary gland releases hormones’ the ACTH gets released from the adrenal gland through the blood stream and to the cortex)
BS
blood sugar
CGM
continuous glucose monitor
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
FBS
fasting blood sugar
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
HgA1C
hemoglobin A1C test (used by diabetes patients to monitor blood sugar levels)
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone (aka thyrotropin)
-secreted by the pituitary released into the bloodstream travels to the thyroid and causes the thyroid to secrete-thyroid secretes T3 and T4 calcitonin
T3
triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
-hyperthyroidism
T4
thyroxine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
-hypothyroidism
What is the overall function of the endocrine system?
to maintain homeostasis
- adjust nutrient levels
- respond to the environment
- direct growth and nourishment
Endocrine system organs function by…?
- sending signals to other organs
- receiving signals from other organs
- changing their behavior based on the signals
signals are sent from on organ to another via the blood stream
tropic
nutrition?
What does the pituitary gland do?
secretes hormones into the blood that act on other organs
Luteninizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulate gonads
-secreted by the pituitary gland, travel all the way down to the pelvic region and stimulate the gonads
How are hormone levels detected?
by measuring blood concentration levels of nutrients
- hyperglycemia
- hypoglycemia
- euglycemia
can also measure endocrine function by urinalysis
- glucosuria
- ketonuria
poiesis
to make
chlor
chloride
hemat
blood
