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1045-59 Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

glands

A
  • the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system
  • they are located throughout your body, including in your brain, in the area above your kidneys, in your genitals and in the front part of your neck
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2
Q

How are glands linked to the nervous system?

A

via the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the main role of the hypothalamus

A

direct the activity of the pituitary gland.

  • a structure in your brain that makes and releases many hormones into the blood that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland
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4
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

when the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to make and release its chemical signals via chemicals

ex-gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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5
Q

How many parts make up the pituitary gland? Explain them.

A

two

  • anterior pituitary (front)
  • posterior pituitary(back)
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6
Q

anterior pituitary

A

-the origin for may very important hormones. these hormones travel by blood and stimulate many other endocrine glands, including your thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads

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7
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • located in the front part of your neck resting just below the Adam’s apple
  • makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect the body’s metabolism, as well as hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.
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8
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • located just behind the thyroid gland

- make a hormone that works along with the thyroid hormone to control the blood’s calcium level

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9
Q

Pancreas

A
  • sits just under your stomach, is both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ
  • as an endocrine gland, it sends hormones directly into the blood stream that helps keep the blood sugar level in balance. (secretes insulin and glucagon)
  • as a gastrointestinal organ, it secretes enzymes by ducts (exocrine) directly into your intestines to help with digestion
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10
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

-gets its name from its location
-lies on top of your kidneys
-has an inner layer that makes the fight or flight hormone, adrenaline
-its outer most layer, or cortex, makes two general types of hormones
one keeps mineral levels in balance and also maintains the proper volume of water and salt in the blood.
the other keeps blood sugar levels in balance and affects your body’s response to inflammation

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11
Q

Gonads

A

help with reproduction and with expression of male and female characteristics

  • male gonads are the testes/they produce testosterone
  • female gonads are the ovaries/they secrete estrogens, which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy
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12
Q

aden/o

Root

A

gland

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13
Q

adren/o

Root

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

adrenal/o

Root

A

adrenal gland

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15
Q

cortic/o

Root

A

outer surface

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16
Q

gonad/o

Root

A

gonads (sex organs)

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17
Q

pancreat/o

Root

A

pancreas

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18
Q

pituitar/o

Root

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

hypophys/o

Root

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

thym/o

Root

A

thymus

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21
Q

thyr/o

Root

A

thyroid

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22
Q

thyroid/o

Root

A

thyroid

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23
Q

gluc/o

Root

A

sugar

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24
Q

glucos/o

Root

A

sugar

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25
Q

glyc/o

Root

A

sugar

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26
Q

crin/o

Root

A

to secrete

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27
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • a hormone that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone
  • keeps the level of calcium in the blood from getting too high
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28
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A
  • it helps keep the level of calcium in the blood from getting too low.
  • made in the parathyroid gland
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29
Q

insulin

A
  • decreases the level of sugar in the blood

- it encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in

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30
Q

Glucagon

A
  • works against insulin

- it tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increases the level of sugar in the blood

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31
Q

What does the inner part of the adrenal gland create?

A

epinephrine-which was once known as adrenaline-secreted by the medulla

  • increases your heart rate
  • opens your airways to get more oxygen

Norepinephrine- causes similar changes

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32
Q

What does the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex) create?

A

ACTH stimulates the cortex to release corticosteroids, which are steroid hormones made in the cortex.

  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • testosterone and estrogen
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33
Q

What are the two types of Corticosteroids

A

Mineralocorticoids-hormones dealing with mineral balance

Glucocorticoids-hormones dealing with sugar balance

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34
Q

Glycemia

A

checking the glucose level in the blood

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35
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

high glucose level in the blood

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36
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low glucose level in the blood

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37
Q

Euglycemia

A

normal glucose level in the blood

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38
Q

hormon/o

Root

A

hormone

hormone could be defined as a biochemical

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39
Q

ket/o

Root

A

ketone body

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40
Q

-tropin

Suffix

A

stimulating hormone

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41
Q

-emia

Suffix

A

blood condition (test)

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42
Q

-uria

Suffix

A

urine condition (analyisis)

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43
Q

viril

A

man

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44
Q

arche

A

beginning

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45
Q

hirsutism

A

latin- shaggy

abnormal hair growth

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46
Q

meno

A

menstrual

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47
Q

gyneco

A

woman

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48
Q

mast

A

breast

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49
Q

ism

A

condition

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50
Q

ia

A

condition

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51
Q

a

A

no

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52
Q

algia

A

pain

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53
Q

men

A

menstrural

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54
Q

thel

A

breast

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55
Q

em

A

blood

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56
Q

ic

A

pertaining to

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57
Q

poly

A

excessive

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58
Q

dips

A

thirst

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59
Q

phag

A

eat

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60
Q

acro

A

extremities

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61
Q

galacto

A

milk

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62
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

abnormally short height caused by under secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

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63
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

abnormally tall height caused by over secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

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64
Q

ex

A

out

65
Q

opthalmos

A

eye

66
Q

megaly

A

abnormal enlargement

67
Q

goiter

A

latin- gutter meaning throat

68
Q

cele

A

tumor

69
Q

ptosis

A

drooping condition

70
Q

acid

A

acid

71
Q

alkal

A

alkali

72
Q

calci

A

calcium

73
Q

eu

A

good

74
Q

cholesterol

A

cholesterol

75
Q

kal

A

potassium

76
Q

lipid

A

fat

77
Q

natr

A

sodium

78
Q

phosphat

A

phosphate

79
Q

ad

A

on

80
Q

epi

A

upon

81
Q

renal

A

kidney

82
Q

nephr

A

kidney

83
Q

cortico

A

cortex

84
Q

trop

A

stimulating

85
Q

agon

A

lead

86
Q

oid

A

resembling

87
Q

insul

A

island

88
Q

in

A

chemical

89
Q

neo

A

new

90
Q

lysis

A

loosen

91
Q

penia

A

deficiency

92
Q

genesis

A

formation

93
Q

meta

A

over

94
Q

bol

A

throw

95
Q

endo

A

inside

96
Q

crino

A

secretion

97
Q

crine

A

secretion

98
Q

exo

A

outside

99
Q

chol

A

bile

100
Q

scop

A

looking

101
Q

retro

A

backward

102
Q

grade

A

step

103
Q

angio

A

vessel

104
Q

graphy

A

writing process

105
Q

in

A

not

106
Q

oisis

A

condition

107
Q

sufficiency

A

adequate

108
Q

itis

A

inflammation

109
Q

al

A

pertaining to

110
Q

plasia

A

formation

111
Q

con

A

with

112
Q

genit

A

birth

113
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

pass through honey

114
Q

diabet

A

diabetes

115
Q

drome

A

running

116
Q

syn

A

together

117
Q

pathy

A

disease

118
Q

dys

A

bad

119
Q

pseudo

A

false

120
Q

cyst

A

cyst

121
Q

lith

A

stone

122
Q

iasis

A

presence

123
Q

pan

A

all

124
Q

farc

A

stuff

125
Q

para

A

beside

126
Q

carcin

A

cancers

127
Q

oma

A

tumor

128
Q

continuous

A

continuous

129
Q

sub

A

beneath

130
Q

fus

A

pour

131
Q

ion

A

process

132
Q

toxin

A

poison

133
Q

genic diet

A

creating

134
Q

laparo

A

abdomen

135
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

-stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland

(pituitary gland releases hormones’ the ACTH gets released from the adrenal gland through the blood stream and to the cortex)

136
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

137
Q

CGM

A

continuous glucose monitor

138
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

139
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

140
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

141
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

142
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

143
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

144
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

145
Q

HgA1C

A

hemoglobin A1C test (used by diabetes patients to monitor blood sugar levels)

146
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

147
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

148
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (aka thyrotropin)

-secreted by the pituitary released into the bloodstream travels to the thyroid and causes the thyroid to secrete-thyroid secretes T3 and T4 calcitonin

149
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

-hyperthyroidism

150
Q

T4

A

thyroxine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

-hypothyroidism

151
Q

What is the overall function of the endocrine system?

A

to maintain homeostasis

  • adjust nutrient levels
  • respond to the environment
  • direct growth and nourishment
152
Q

Endocrine system organs function by…?

A
  • sending signals to other organs
  • receiving signals from other organs
  • changing their behavior based on the signals

signals are sent from on organ to another via the blood stream

153
Q

tropic

A

nutrition?

154
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes hormones into the blood that act on other organs

155
Q

Luteninizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulate gonads

-secreted by the pituitary gland, travel all the way down to the pelvic region and stimulate the gonads

156
Q

How are hormone levels detected?

A

by measuring blood concentration levels of nutrients

  • hyperglycemia
  • hypoglycemia
  • euglycemia

can also measure endocrine function by urinalysis

  • glucosuria
  • ketonuria
157
Q

poiesis

A

to make

158
Q

chlor

A

chloride

159
Q

hemat

A

blood

1045-59 Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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