Chapter 7

Question 1

NICOTINE

Answer 1

tobacco leaves that are harvested when they are green
nicotine is extremely toxic
60MG can kill a human
most common form - cigarettes
named by the French ambassador to Portugal

Question 2

HISTORY OF TOBACCO

Answer 2

1830 - 1860 -> the use of tobacco was beginning to be attacked, many were saying that it was harmful
by the civil war -> using tobacco as a medicine was no longer done

Question 3

PREVALENCE OF TOBACCO

Answer 3

• more common among those who are unemployed*
• 18 - 25 years -> the highest % of smokers*
• cigarette smoking is the most TOXIC way to use tobacco*
• the peak of smoking was in 1963*

Question 4

SITES OF ACTION

Answer 4

stimulates ACH receptors
raises dopamine levels in the mesocorticolimbic system
biphasic drug
stimulates at a low dose
slows down neural transmission at a high does

Question 5

PHARMACOKINETICS

Answer 5

through the lungs is the most readily way to absorbed nicotine
the more basic the substance is the easier it is to absorb

Question 6

DISTRIBUTOIN

Answer 6

by the blood
distribution time -> 10-20 minutes (half-life)
reaches the brain in 7 seconds
the average person is able to absorb .1-.4MG of nicotine from a cigarette

Question 7

METABOLISM

Answer 7

major organ: liver
excretion
    primarily: urine
    saliva, sweat, mothers milk
*metabolism time -> 2 hours (half-life)*

Question 8

TOLERANCE

Answer 8

develops quickly to the negative effects
dispositional tolerance
high metabolism rate of nicotine
1st signs of nicotine tolerance is seen after the first cigarette
1988 said it was addictive

Question 9

ACUTE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE

Answer 9

cognitive impairment
decreased arousal -> ways of coping with stress
when the nicotine starts coming out of your body (withdrawal)
it comes back with the next cigarette

Question 10

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC USE

Answer 10

430,000 die prematurely each year

cost the U.S. $193 billion in 2004

Question 11

CARBON MONOXIDE

Answer 11

facilitates many of the disease processes associated with smoking
reduces hemoglobin availability for oxygen

Question 12

TAR AND NICOTINE

Answer 12

tar -> causes most of our cancer problems

“light” cigarettes are just as bad as the “regular”

Question 13

HEART DISEASE

Answer 13

the single biggest killer in the U.S.

smokers are twice as likely to contract heart disease than non-smokers

Question 14

CANCER

Answer 14

30% of all cancer deaths are results of smoking

Question 15

LUNG CANCER

Answer 15

80%-90% of lung cancer deaths are cause by smoking

Question 16

EMPHASYMA

Answer 16

disease of the lung
abnormal dilution of the air spaces
distention of it wals

Question 17

PASSIVE SMOKING

Answer 17

2 types
SECOND HAND SMOKE
being next to someone smoking
kills ~53,000 a year
3rd leading preventative cause of death
THIRD HAND SMOKE
the aroma on your clothes some one else is able to breath in

Question 18

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Answer 18

why people quit?
a fear of getting sick
want to know they have control of the situation

Question 19

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Answer 19

why people quit?
people constantly hounding them
money

Question 20

WHY DO PEOPLE RELAPSE?

Answer 20

relapse-> the smoker resumes after sustaining for some amount of time 
   withdrawal symptoms
   stress
   social pressure
   alcohol use
  weight gain

Question 21

FORMAL TREATMENT

Answer 21

why is it necessary?
multiple attempts when no help provided
most people try on their own

Question 22

SPONTANEOUS REMISSION

Answer 22

the rate of cure in a given time period without formal treatment

Question 23

PROGRAMS FOCUS ON:

Answer 23

controlling withdrawal symptoms
breaking the habitual motor behavior
learning coping skills
GOAL: total abstinence from nicotine

Question 24

BEHAVIORAL PROGRAMS

Answer 24

have been effective
teach smokers to:
  identify "high risk" situations
  apply techniques to waken the habit
  teach smokers coping responses
  teach smokers to self-monitor 
variations:
  they don't always involved direct contact with communication

Question 25

NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPIES

Answer 25

involve administering nicotine to smokers to help stop

1. raise the chance of quitting smoking by a factor of 2
2. no difference btw NRTs in effectiveness
3. smokers adapt to the NRT they are using
   * 4. using NRT’s in combination with behavioral programs (works best)*
4. little evidence for long term negative consequences with NRT use.

Question 26

OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Answer 26

buprion -> have less trouble quitting that others can (anti-depressant)
varenicline -> stimulate nicotine receptors just like regular nicotine

Question 27

JOHN ROLFE

Answer 27

English

1st that planted and produced tobacco in Virginia