Chapter 7 Flashcards
NICOTINE
tobacco leaves that are harvested when they are green
nicotine is extremely toxic
60MG can kill a human
most common form - cigarettes
named by the French ambassador to Portugal
HISTORY OF TOBACCO
1830 - 1860 -> the use of tobacco was beginning to be attacked, many were saying that it was harmful
by the civil war -> using tobacco as a medicine was no longer done
PREVALENCE OF TOBACCO
- more common among those who are unemployed*
- 18 - 25 years -> the highest % of smokers*
- cigarette smoking is the most TOXIC way to use tobacco*
- the peak of smoking was in 1963*
SITES OF ACTION
stimulates ACH receptors
raises dopamine levels in the mesocorticolimbic system
biphasic drug
stimulates at a low dose
slows down neural transmission at a high does
PHARMACOKINETICS
through the lungs is the most readily way to absorbed nicotine
the more basic the substance is the easier it is to absorb
DISTRIBUTOIN
by the blood
distribution time -> 10-20 minutes (half-life)
reaches the brain in 7 seconds
the average person is able to absorb .1-.4MG of nicotine from a cigarette
METABOLISM
major organ: liver
excretion
primarily: urine
saliva, sweat, mothers milk
*metabolism time -> 2 hours (half-life)*TOLERANCE
develops quickly to the negative effects
dispositional tolerance
high metabolism rate of nicotine
1st signs of nicotine tolerance is seen after the first cigarette
1988 said it was addictive
ACUTE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE
cognitive impairment
decreased arousal -> ways of coping with stress
when the nicotine starts coming out of your body (withdrawal)
it comes back with the next cigarette
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC USE
430,000 die prematurely each year
cost the U.S. $193 billion in 2004
CARBON MONOXIDE
facilitates many of the disease processes associated with smoking
reduces hemoglobin availability for oxygen
TAR AND NICOTINE
tar -> causes most of our cancer problems
“light” cigarettes are just as bad as the “regular”
HEART DISEASE
the single biggest killer in the U.S.
smokers are twice as likely to contract heart disease than non-smokers
CANCER
30% of all cancer deaths are results of smoking
LUNG CANCER
80%-90% of lung cancer deaths are cause by smoking
EMPHASYMA
disease of the lung
abnormal dilution of the air spaces
distention of it wals
PASSIVE SMOKING
2 types
SECOND HAND SMOKE
being next to someone smoking
kills ~53,000 a year
3rd leading preventative cause of death
THIRD HAND SMOKE
the aroma on your clothes some one else is able to breath in
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
why people quit?
a fear of getting sick
want to know they have control of the situation
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
why people quit?
people constantly hounding them
money
WHY DO PEOPLE RELAPSE?
relapse-> the smoker resumes after sustaining for some amount of time withdrawal symptoms stress social pressure alcohol use weight gain
FORMAL TREATMENT
why is it necessary?
multiple attempts when no help provided
most people try on their own
SPONTANEOUS REMISSION
the rate of cure in a given time period without formal treatment
PROGRAMS FOCUS ON:
controlling withdrawal symptoms
breaking the habitual motor behavior
learning coping skills
GOAL: total abstinence from nicotine
BEHAVIORAL PROGRAMS
have been effective teach smokers to: identify "high risk" situations apply techniques to waken the habit teach smokers coping responses teach smokers to self-monitor variations: they don't always involved direct contact with communication
