Chapter 7 Flashcards
Gestalt Psychology emphasized what?
Organizational processes in perception, learning, problem solving.
Individuals are predisposed to organize info in particular ways.
Phi Phenomenon
optical illusion when observing 2 lights blink on and off and it appears to be only one light moving back and forth
“whole is more than sum of the parts”
Discuss Purposive Behaviorism
Tolman;
- Beh. should be studied at a molar level
- learning can occur without reinforcement
- learning can occur without a change in beh.
- Intervening variables must be considered
- Individual differences, cognition, etc.
What are 2 important things that Edward Tolman stated?
Behavior is goal oriented
Learning results in an organized body of info
What is a cognitive map?
Learning where different parts of the environment are stiutated in relation to one another.
Jean Piaget pointed out what?
Focus on mental events- logical reasoning processes and Structure of knowledge
Individuals are actively involved in learning
Knowledge represented in terms of structure
Cognitive dev’t from interactions with physical and social environments
Cogn dev’t occurs in distinct states
schema
basic structure an individual’s knowledge is mentally represented.
Structured knowledge such as stereotypes, outline, models
Cognitive structure
new schmes emerge, and existing schemes are modified and integrated with one another
Piaget’s 4 stages of Dev’t
Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Formal Operational Stage (11-adult)
Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Dev’t
how children learn and reason changes over time
Jerome Bruner
- Theory of conceptualization and perception
- Info-processing activities reflect need to simplify & understand environment by categorization
- Discovery Learning
Ausubel
Expository Learning (or Reception Learning)
Meaningful Verbal Learning
Advance Organizers
Subsumption is to incorporate meaningful material into existing cognitive structure
Lev Vygotsky
Scaffolding: providing guidance that enables student to perform tasks that are in the zone of proximal dev’t
Zone of proximal dev’t: The range of tasks the child cannot perform independently, but with help of others
Thought & Language Interdependent
Self-Talk: children talk to themselves out loud
Inner Speech: Children talk to themselves mentally rather than orally
Social Learning
Behaviorism
Emphasis on roles of environmental conditions
Interested in only those beh. observed & Measured
Focus on stimuli and response
beh affected by conditioning of environmental events
Learning is perm. observ. change in behavior
Cognitivism
Emphasis on how individuals process stimuli
Inter. in how people perceive, interpret and store info
Mental Events
Study of mental events inferred from well designed experiments
KNowled is organized; related to previous info
Learning is active mental process that is permanent
Learning can be controlled; may be covert as well as overt
________________ instruction is one of the major/basic assumption of the industrional design field and is largely based on contemporary cognitive theories.
Learner centered or directed instruction
how people perceive, interpret, remember, think about environmental events they experience
Cognitive processes
Tolman’s Experiment
Learning can occur without reinforcement.
Basic ideas for Gestalt
Perception is often diff. from reality
Whole is more than the sum of its parts (Trasposition)
Organims structures/organizes experiences
Latent Learning
Learning can occur without a change in behavior
Behavior is purposive
Goal-attained
Perceive those things that are close together as a unit
Ex. 9 dots/e groups of 3
Law of Proximity
Units as those things simliar to one another
ex. pg. 161/8-4 and 8-5
Law of Similiarity
Filling in the missing pieces forms a complete picture
Law of Closure
Memory traces tend to be simpler, more concise and more complete than the actual input
Law of Pragnanz
________ believed that individuals were predisposed to organize information
Gestalt Psychology
Sequence of items in a paricular order; ex. alphabet
Serial learning
Learning pairs of items; learn state capitals
Paired associate learning
Learn 1st and last items quicker than middle
Serial learning curve-primary or recency effects
Spread study time/massed practice all at once
Distributed practice
Learners often think and perform more intelligently when they draw on a variety of environmental support systems
Contextual Theories
__________ enable learners to make sense of new situations and help them tackle challenging tasks and problems
Environmental Support Systems
THe acquisition of new info or skills
Involes a long term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience
Learning
The ability to recall previously acquired info
Process of reatining info for a period of time
Location where acquired info is kept
Memory
Learners try to actively organize and make sense of it often in unique, idiosyncratic ways
Learning is more creating knowledge versus acquiring it from the outside world.
Constructivism
Ex.: Astronomers made sense of phenomena they saw in telescopes
Drawbacks for Constructivism:
Offers only a vague explanation of cognitive processes
Some constructivists take learner control too far
Related to the 5 human senses holds preliminary incoming info holds environmental info unlimited capacity Forms of Storaage Duration for a brief time Rapid disappearnce of info
Sensory Register
What 2 ways do info processing theorist term memory?
- Saving info for a period of time
2. a particular part of the human memory system where acquired info is located (working memory or LT memory)
Putting new info in the memory
storage
Modifying info in some way as information is stored in the memory
Encoding
The process in which people find the info that was stored
Retrieval
What model did William James propose?
Human memory has 3 components: an after image, a primrary memory, secondary memory
Dual Store Model
Psychologists Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin: this claimed that working memory and LT memory are different things.
Sensory Register; Working (Short-term) Memory and LT Memory
What does the sensory register component do in the dual store model?
1st, holds incoming info long enough for it to undergo preliminary cognitive processing
What are the 3 characteristics of the sensory register?
Capacity (very large), forms of storage, duration
what are 2 factors that account for rapid disappearnce of info from the sensory register?
interference or fade away/decade over time
What are some factors that people pay attention to and therefore store?
Motion size intensity novelty incongruity (objects that don't make sense) Social cues emotion Personal significance
The ability to attend to one spoken message while ignoring others
cocktail party phenomenon
