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EPY 502 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Gestalt Psychology emphasized what?

A

Organizational processes in perception, learning, problem solving.
Individuals are predisposed to organize info in particular ways.

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2
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

optical illusion when observing 2 lights blink on and off and it appears to be only one light moving back and forth
“whole is more than sum of the parts”

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3
Q

Discuss Purposive Behaviorism

A

Tolman;

  1. Beh. should be studied at a molar level
  2. learning can occur without reinforcement
  3. learning can occur without a change in beh.
  4. Intervening variables must be considered
  5. Individual differences, cognition, etc.
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4
Q

What are 2 important things that Edward Tolman stated?

A

Behavior is goal oriented

Learning results in an organized body of info

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5
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

Learning where different parts of the environment are stiutated in relation to one another.

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6
Q

Jean Piaget pointed out what?

A

Focus on mental events- logical reasoning processes and Structure of knowledge
Individuals are actively involved in learning
Knowledge represented in terms of structure
Cognitive dev’t from interactions with physical and social environments
Cogn dev’t occurs in distinct states

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7
Q

schema

A

basic structure an individual’s knowledge is mentally represented.
Structured knowledge such as stereotypes, outline, models

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8
Q

Cognitive structure

A

new schmes emerge, and existing schemes are modified and integrated with one another

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9
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of Dev’t

A

Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Formal Operational Stage (11-adult)

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10
Q

Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Dev’t

A

how children learn and reason changes over time

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11
Q

Jerome Bruner

A
  • Theory of conceptualization and perception
  • Info-processing activities reflect need to simplify & understand environment by categorization
  • Discovery Learning
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12
Q

Ausubel

A

Expository Learning (or Reception Learning)
Meaningful Verbal Learning
Advance Organizers
Subsumption is to incorporate meaningful material into existing cognitive structure

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13
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Scaffolding: providing guidance that enables student to perform tasks that are in the zone of proximal dev’t
Zone of proximal dev’t: The range of tasks the child cannot perform independently, but with help of others
Thought & Language Interdependent
Self-Talk: children talk to themselves out loud
Inner Speech: Children talk to themselves mentally rather than orally
Social Learning

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14
Q

Behaviorism

A

Emphasis on roles of environmental conditions
Interested in only those beh. observed & Measured
Focus on stimuli and response
beh affected by conditioning of environmental events
Learning is perm. observ. change in behavior

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15
Q

Cognitivism

A

Emphasis on how individuals process stimuli
Inter. in how people perceive, interpret and store info
Mental Events
Study of mental events inferred from well designed experiments
KNowled is organized; related to previous info
Learning is active mental process that is permanent
Learning can be controlled; may be covert as well as overt

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16
Q

________________ instruction is one of the major/basic assumption of the industrional design field and is largely based on contemporary cognitive theories.

A

Learner centered or directed instruction

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17
Q

how people perceive, interpret, remember, think about environmental events they experience

A

Cognitive processes

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18
Q

Tolman’s Experiment

A

Learning can occur without reinforcement.

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19
Q

Basic ideas for Gestalt

A

Perception is often diff. from reality
Whole is more than the sum of its parts (Trasposition)
Organims structures/organizes experiences

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20
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning can occur without a change in behavior

21
Q

Behavior is purposive

A

Goal-attained

22
Q

Perceive those things that are close together as a unit

Ex. 9 dots/e groups of 3

A

Law of Proximity

23
Q

Units as those things simliar to one another

ex. pg. 161/8-4 and 8-5

A

Law of Similiarity

24
Q

Filling in the missing pieces forms a complete picture

A

Law of Closure

25
Q

Memory traces tend to be simpler, more concise and more complete than the actual input

A

Law of Pragnanz

26
Q

________ believed that individuals were predisposed to organize information

A

Gestalt Psychology

27
Q

Sequence of items in a paricular order; ex. alphabet

A

Serial learning

28
Q

Learning pairs of items; learn state capitals

A

Paired associate learning

29
Q

Learn 1st and last items quicker than middle

A

Serial learning curve-primary or recency effects

30
Q

Spread study time/massed practice all at once

A

Distributed practice

31
Q

Learners often think and perform more intelligently when they draw on a variety of environmental support systems

A

Contextual Theories

32
Q

__________ enable learners to make sense of new situations and help them tackle challenging tasks and problems

A

Environmental Support Systems

33
Q

THe acquisition of new info or skills

Involes a long term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience

A

Learning

34
Q

The ability to recall previously acquired info
Process of reatining info for a period of time
Location where acquired info is kept

A

Memory

35
Q

Learners try to actively organize and make sense of it often in unique, idiosyncratic ways
Learning is more creating knowledge versus acquiring it from the outside world.

A

Constructivism

Ex.: Astronomers made sense of phenomena they saw in telescopes

36
Q

Drawbacks for Constructivism:

A

Offers only a vague explanation of cognitive processes

Some constructivists take learner control too far

37
Q 
Related to the 5 human senses
holds preliminary incoming info
holds environmental info
unlimited capacity
Forms of Storaage
Duration for a brief time
Rapid disappearnce of info
A

Sensory Register

38
Q

What 2 ways do info processing theorist term memory?

A
  1. Saving info for a period of time

2. a particular part of the human memory system where acquired info is located (working memory or LT memory)

39
Q

Putting new info in the memory

A

storage

40
Q

Modifying info in some way as information is stored in the memory

A

Encoding

41
Q

The process in which people find the info that was stored

A

Retrieval

42
Q

What model did William James propose?

A

Human memory has 3 components: an after image, a primrary memory, secondary memory

43
Q

Dual Store Model

A

Psychologists Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin: this claimed that working memory and LT memory are different things.
Sensory Register; Working (Short-term) Memory and LT Memory

44
Q

What does the sensory register component do in the dual store model?

A

1st, holds incoming info long enough for it to undergo preliminary cognitive processing

45
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the sensory register?

A

Capacity (very large), forms of storage, duration

46
Q

what are 2 factors that account for rapid disappearnce of info from the sensory register?

A

interference or fade away/decade over time

47
Q

What are some factors that people pay attention to and therefore store?

A 
Motion
size
intensity
novelty
incongruity (objects that don't make sense)
Social cues
emotion
Personal significance
48
Q

The ability to attend to one spoken message while ignoring others

A

cocktail party phenomenon

EPY 502 (15 decks)

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