Chapter 2 Flashcards by Shelly Bates

Peripheral Nervous System

Messenger System, carrying information from receptor cells

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Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord; coordination center

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Neurons

How the info is transferred to nervous systems

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Synapses

gaps between neurons

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Glial Cells

structure and support between neurons

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Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

Mirror Neurons

Carry Info from receptor cells
Interpret info from Sensory
send the messages of how to react or behave
*all in peripheral nervous system

certain neurons that fire when they do a certain action or when they watch someone else perform it

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Parts of a Neuron:

Soma (body)
Dendrites(branchlikes structures)
Axon (long arm that transmits info)
terminal buttons (contain chemical substances)
Myelin sheath (white, fatty substance covering)

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threshold of excitation

the threshold that the nuerons reach which causes them to fire the info

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Neurotransmitters

the chemicals within a neuron that are released to other neurons (the way they communicate)….transmission within the neuron itself is electrical but b/w neurons is chemical

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What are times of methods that neuroscientists have used to study?

animal studies
postmortem studies
case studies
electrical recording
neuroimaging

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Parts of the Brain are:

Hindbrain-the base of the skull where spinal cord enters the brain; base psychological processes that keep us alive such as breathing (cerebellum in this part effects balance)
Midbrain-Vision and hearing; contains the reticular formation which affects attention & consciousness
Forebrain-front and upper portion; most complex activities
* Cerebral cortex- on top with 2 hemispheresf

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The hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are divided into 4 lobes:

Frontal (front and top of the cortex) conscious thinking, language, reasoning, problem solving, self-regulation, interpretation of other people's movements; pre-frontal cortext (behind the forehead) controlled thinking or conscious
Parietal Lobes(upper back portion of the cortext)-temperature, pressures, texture, pain, word sounds, spatial characteristics
Occipital Lobes(very back of the brain)-interpretation of visual information
Temporal lobes(at sides behind the ears)-interpret and remember auditory info.-speech  &amp;music, long-term memory formation

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Limbic System

Inside the forebrain; essential learning, memory, emotion and motivation; contains the hippocampus (attention and learning and what we consciously learn), amygdala(emotions, especially unpleasant ones likes fear)

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Thalamus

VERy middle of the brain; receives info from sensory neurons and sends it to important areas of the cortex; improtant in arousal, attention and fear

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Hypothalmus

beneath the thalamus, regulates survival such as breathing, body temperature, hunger, thirst, mating, flight or fight

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Left and Right Brain

They control each other;
Left-language, speech, reading, math skills
Right-visual and spacial processing, drawing, painting, facial expressions and faces, gestures
You are not inclined to one or the other!
They are connected by the corpus callosum so they communicate back and forth

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Synaptogenesis

synapse formation increases dramatically after birth; young children have more than adults

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differentiation

the process of newly formed neurons take on particular jobs

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Synaptic pruning

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Some synapses are used often and others are useless so they gradually disintegrate
Continues in middle childhood and adolescent years with new synapses occuring during puberty
ADOLESCENT brains are not yet adult brains.

Myelination

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the process of coating axons to help in speeding up rate at which the electrical charge travels along the axon
Continues into the 20s.

Bipolar and Schizophrenia intensified in adolescence or early adulthood because_____________.

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Abnormal brain structures or neurotransmitter levels that don’t emerge until puberty.

What are three things that occur as a result of flawed brain development? Three disabilities.

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dyslexia, schizophrenia, down’s syndrome

What are some things that could affect development from the environment?

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Nutrition, toxins from the environment, introduction of drugs and alchohol during pregnancy, form of environment such as nurturing or harsh

What is plasticity?

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The way that the brain adapts itself to different circumstances or experiences

Experience-Expectant

Skills that humans have had for millions of years and the brain uses these skills to fine tune Mastoring Native Language

Experience-dependent

Domains and skills that are unique to cultures or social groups Learning how to read

Learning involves changes in synapses and possibly also involves the growth of new neurons and astrocytes.

Psychologists current belief about learning

Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any other species on earth. The major result of this capacity to learn is that:

Humans can benefit from their experiences.

Three of the following are examples of learning. Which one is not? A. Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble. B. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political practices he has previously opposed. C. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact “24 ÷ 4 = 6” is related to the multiplication fact “6 x 4 = 24.” D. David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was bitten by a German shepherd two years ago.

B. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political practices he has previously opposed.

Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a person’s behavior. Which one of the following changes does not necessarily reflect learning? A. Although it’s a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult to concentrate on what he’s doing. B. Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Ireland. But after a conversation with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the family’s immigration in considerable detail. C. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling, etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his movements become faster and smoother. D. Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own. After his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently.

C. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling, etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his movements become faster and smoother.

``` _____________ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and ___________ research examines learning in real-world settings. A. Applied; Basic B. Basic; Qualitative C. Qualitative; Applied D. Basic; Applied ```

D: Basic: Applied

A principle of learning can best be characterized as: A. A description of the results of a particular research study B. A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning C. The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation D. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs

B. A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning

A theory of learning can best be characterized as: A. A description of the results of a particular research study B. A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning C. The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation D. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs

D. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs

Three of the following are principles of learning. Which one is a theory of learning rather than a principle? A. A behavior that is followed by punishment decreases in frequency. B. People learn by making mental associations between new information and their existing knowledge. C. A response that is rewarded every time it occurs increases more rapidly than a response that is only occasionally rewarded. D. Students tend to remember more of a lecture if they take notes on the lecture’s content. E. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs

B. People learn by making mental associations between new info and their existing knowledge

Which one of the following common sayings best reflects the basic premise underlying social learning theory? A. “Monkey see, monkey do.” B. “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” C. “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” D. “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

A. Monkey see, monkey do.

Behaviorists and cognitivists tend to focus on different aspects of learning. Which one of the following statements best describes this difference? A. Behaviorism focuses on temporary changes; cognitivism focuses on relatively permanent changes. B. Behaviorism focuses on relatively permanent changes; cognitivism focuses on temporary changes. C. Behaviorism focuses on internal mental changes; cognitivism focuses on external behavioral changes. D. Behaviorism focuses on external behavioral changes; cognitivism focuses on internal mental changes.

D. Behaviorism focuses on external behavioral changes; cognitivism focuses on internal mental changes

Theories are advantageous in several ways. Three of the following describe advantages of learning theories. Which one does not? A. Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings. B. Theories help to condense large bodies of information. C. Theories help practitioners design interventions that facilitate learning. D. Theories provide an impetus for new research.

A. Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings.

Learning

long term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience

Behaviorism

describe and understand learning through stimulus-response relationships

Social Learning Theory

how people learn from observing those around them | modeling

Gestalt

human perception and problem solving

cognitivism/cognitive psychology

study of behavior wasn't enough, the understanding of thought processes or cognition

Sociocultural theory

roles that social interaction and cultural legacies play in human learning and cognition

Cognitive neuorscience

how behavior and learning experiences can influence brain development; how the brain influences peoples' behavior and learning

Critical periods or sensitive periods

limited age ranges in which particular kinds of environmental stimulation are essention for normal neurological dev't Examples: vision can be affect affected at an early age of development; lang. development

neurogenesis

the formation of neurons continues throughout the lifesspan in a portion of the hippocampus and parts of the frontal and parietal lobes

star shaped glial cells that have control over what neurons do and don't do and how they communicate; there are way more than neurons

Astrocyctes

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(47 cards)