Chapter 7 Flashcards
Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by presenting a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Generalization
a. Positive reinforcement
Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will occur) by removing a negative stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Generalization
b. Negative reinforcement
Type 1 (presentation punishment) Weakening a behavior (decreasing the probability that it will reoccur) by presenting an aversive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
Type 2 (time-out or removal punishment) Weakening a behavior (decreasing the probability that it will reoccur) by removing a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Generalization
c. Punishment
When an individual learns to make a particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or similar response in a slightly different situation
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Generalization
d. Generalization
When an individual learns to make a particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in a slightly different situation
a. Discrimination
b. Shaping
c. Extinction
a. Discrimination
- reducing complex behaviors into a sequence of more simple behaviors
- reinforcing successive approximations to the complex behavior
a. Discrimination
b. Shaping
c. Extinction
b. Shaping
-when a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases altogether because reinforcement is withheld
a. Discrimination
b. Shaping
c. Extinction
c. Extinction
reinforcement of a desired behavior occurs only after a specific amount of time has elapsed
a. Fixed Interval
b. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
a. Fixed Interval
reinforcement of s desired behavior occurs after variable intervals of time have elapsed
a. Fixed Interval
b. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
b. Variable Interval
reinforcement of a desired behavior occurs after a specific number of those responses are made
a. Fixed Interval
b. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
c. Fixed Ratio
reinforcement of a desired behavior occurs only after viable numbers of responses are made
a. Fixed Interval
b. Variable Interval
c. Fixed Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
d. Variable Ratio
Reward small steps towards the bigger goal, always reinforce that positive behavior
a. Shaping
b. Premack principle
c. Token economy
d. Contingency contracting
a. Shaping
an opportunity to engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable behaviors (or activities)
a. Shaping
b. Premack principle
c. Token economy
d. Contingency contracting
b. Premack principle
Stars and stickers, tokens they can turn in for something else
a. Shaping
b. Premack principle
c. Token economy
d. Contingency contracting
c. Token economy
If you do this (show good behavior), I will do this (reward for good behavior)
Written or oral agreement
a. Shaping
b. Premack principle
c. Token economy
d. Contingency contracting
d. Contingency contracting
Ignoring the students undesired behavior
a. Extinction
b. Time out
c. Response cost
a. Extinction
Time out for bad behavior, removing the child from the situation
a. Extinction
b. Time out
c. Response cost
b. Time out
Response cost (if your 5 minutes late, you have to stay an extra 5 minutes after class)
a. Extinction
b. Time out
c. Response cost
c. Response cost
John received a score of 95 percent on his last chemistry test. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, why is John likely to study even harder for his next test?
a. John needs to have the highest score in his class. b. John’s grade is a form of positive reinforcement. c. John likes his chemistry teacher. d. John’s grade is a form of negative reinforcement.
b. John’s grade is a form of positive reinforcement.
What do praise or recognition represent in operant conditioning?
a. consequences that increase subsequent behavior b. consequences that decrease subsequent behavior c. consequences that have no effect on subsequent behavior d. temporary removal of an opportunity to be reinforced
a. consequences that increase subsequent behavior
What principle of operant conditioning is exemplified when a student who disrupts a lesson is sent out of the classroom?
a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. time out
d. time out
What principle of operant conditioning is exemplified when a teacher ignores a student who shouts out an answer rather than waiting to be called upon?
a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. time out d. extinction
d. extinction
What principle of operant conditioning is illustrated by reinforcing actions that move progressively closer to a desired terminal behavior?
a. punishment b. generalization c. discrimination d. shaping
d. shaping
When a teacher is establishing a new behavior in students, what type of schedule positively reinforces every instance of a desired behavior and ignores every undesired response?
a. continuous reinforcement b. fixed interval c. fixed ratio d. variable interval
a. continuous reinforcement
What type of schedule is in effect when a teacher gives examinations at the midpoint and at the end of a term?
a. continuous reinforcement b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
What reinforcement schedule is in effect when casino slot machines pay off after a different number of responses?
a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. variable ratio
d. variable ratio
What educational practices result from Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning?
Choose 3
a. providing aversive stimuli
b. allowing students to learn at their own rate
c. utilizing behavior modification
d. using computer based instruction
e. extending intervals for assignments
b. allowing students to learn at their own rate
c. utilizing behavior modification
d. using computer based instruction
What feature do Integrated Learning Systems (ILS) have that computer-based instruction (CBI) programs typically do not have?
a. ILS programs incorporate the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. b. ILS programs cover more content than CBI. c. ILS programs grade the quality of a teacher’s instruction. d. ILS programs track student performance.
d. ILS programs track student performance.
What criticisms have been made about the use of behavior modification in the classroom?
Choose 3
a. Behavior modification is largely ineffective.
b. Students think of learning as something that earns an immediate reward.
c. Learning may come to an abrupt halt when no reinforcement is supplied.
d. Disregarding effective behavior modification methods may be unethical.
e. Behavior modification may be used inappropriately or unethically.
b. Students think of learning as something that earns an immediate reward.
c. Learning may come to an abrupt halt when no reinforcement is supplied.
e. Behavior modification may be used inappropriately or unethically.
How may a teacher effectively reinforce desired student behavior?
Choose 3
a. Provide incentives before desired behaviors
b. Offer the greatest material reward available
c. In early stages of learning, provide high rates of reward
d. Set standards so success for all is a realistic possibility
e. Reward only the behavior that should be repeated
c. In early stages of learning, provide high rates of reward
d. Set standards so success for all is a realistic possibility
e. Reward only the behavior that should be repeated
Why would a teacher who is familiar with principles of operant conditioning praise students who attempt a new skill, even though they are unsuccessful in their efforts?
a. Helping students maintain their self-esteem is a basic principle of operant conditioning. b. Praising students when their efforts are unsuccessful is a form of negative reinforcement. c. Students are unable to function without direction. d. Students tend to repeat behaviors that are reinforced.
d. Students tend to repeat behaviors that are reinforced.
According to principles of operant conditioning, why is it important to provide corrective feedback to students?
Choose 4
a. Students score significantly higher on a subsequent test.
b. Research shows feedback is a powerful influence on achievement.
c. Feedback tells the student what the correct response was supposed to be.
d. Students should be encouraged to identify their own mistakes on subsequent assignments.
e. Feedback is an effective way to get the entire class progressing at the same rate.
a. Students score significantly higher on a subsequent test.
b. Research shows feedback is a powerful influence on achievement.
c. Feedback tells the student what the correct response was supposed to be.
e. Feedback is an effective way to get the entire class progressing at the same rate.
A teacher might use special forms of reinforcement to:
a. motivate students to persevere. b. provide consistent rewards. c. set high standards. d. offer a single delayed reward.
a. motivate students to persevere.
What is the major purpose of operant conditioning?
a. managing the learning conditions of a classroom b. becoming a teacher who is well liked by students c. altering behavior through managing its consequences d. understanding how students think
c. altering behavior through managing its consequences
What is a Skinner box?
a. a box-like cage B.F. Skinner used to house and feed laboratory animals b. a square container that B.F. Skinner used to feed rats c. the square building that held the laboratory where B.F. Skinner worked d. an apparatus invented by Skinner for experiments in operant conditioning
d. an apparatus invented by Skinner for experiments in operant conditioning
What principle of operant conditioning is exemplified when a child picks up his clothes and toys to stop his parents’ nagging?
a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. time out
b. negative reinforcement
What principle of operant conditioning is illustrated when students who use effective study skills in history use those same skills in chemistry and mathematics?
a. reinforcement b. generalization c. shaping d. extinction
b. generalization
What principle of operant conditioning is illustrated by people who habitually check their email on their smart phones?
a. positive reinforcement b. generalization c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement d. extinction
c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
How are Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning applied in the classroom?
Choose 3
a. Students learn at their own rates.
b. Material is presented in small, logical steps.
c. Basic content is taught before advanced.
d. Complex ideas come before simple ones.
e. Plan to cover large amounts of content.
a. Students learn at their own rates.
b. Material is presented in small, logical steps.
c. Basic content is taught before advanced.
What should teachers know about computer-based instructional (CBI) programs?
a. CBI programs can replace face-to-face classroom instruction. b. CBI programs are more effective than conventional instruction. c. Educators should evaluate effectiveness and cost of CBI programs. d. The effect of CBI on beginning reading remains constant over time.
c. Educators should evaluate effectiveness and cost of CBI programs.
It takes a long time for students to settle down after lunch. How might using principles of operant conditioning help the class get ready for the afternoon’s lesson?
a. Speak in a loud, commanding voice. b. Address critical remarks to students who dawdle. c. Address positive remarks to students ready to work. d. Stand at the chalkboard, waiting for the class to settle.
c. Address positive remarks to students ready to work.
A teacher who awards students colored pieces of plastic that can be redeemed later for various privileges if they exhibit desired behavior is engaging in what behavioral technique?
a. a token economy b. contingency contracting c. shaping d. behavioral engineering
a. a token economy
“You didn’t earn an A because your essay had grammatical errors. You need to use proofreading strategies before your next essay is due.” What is the teacher’s purpose for this feedback?
a. to tell the student his essay was poorly written b. to provide explanatory corrective feedback c. to let the student know the grade d. to provide negative reinforcement
b. to provide explanatory corrective feedback
