Chapter 2 Flashcards
In what area is Erik Erikson most recognized for his work?
a. stages of cognitive development b. stages of psychosocial development c. research on adolescent behavior d. multiculturalism
b. stages of psychosocial development
Erikson describes Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt as a developmental stage during which:
a. toddlers develop willingness to direct their own behavior. b. adolescents form romantic attachments. c. elementary students develop moral reasoning. d. adults learn to manage guilt.
a. toddlers develop willingness to direct their own behavior.
What does Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development describe?
a. equilibration as a biological process b. sociocultural aspects of education c. how knowledge develops d. object permanence and invariant stages
c. how knowledge develops
According to Piaget, invariant thought processes, such as organization and adaptation, are those that function differently for infants, children, adolescents, and adults.
a. True
b. False
b. False
A parent wonders whether it would be beneficial for his child to attend preschool. According to Vygotsky, the best reason for attending would be that a young child:
a. needs time away from parents. b. learns most in the company of peers and interested adults. c. benefits most from individual tutoring. d. learns best from same-age peers.
b. learns most in the company of peers and interested adults.
Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
a. is achieved only by students capable of formal operations. b. can vary with the child’s environment. c. must be introduced by teachers and parents. d. emphasizes social interactions as scaffolds to learning.
d. emphasizes social interactions as scaffolds to learning.
In what way can technology be most helpful in fostering cognitive development?
a. reading library books online b. using computers to take tests c. doing basic arithmetic d. presenting virtual environments in which to solve problems
d. presenting virtual environments in which to solve problems
A child with a face covered in cookie crumbs was asked if he ate a cookie before dinner. He responded, “No, because it is against the rules to eat cookies before dinner.” In Piagetian terms, what is this child demonstrating?
a. the morality of constraint b. moral relativism c. sacred pronouncements d. rules as flexible guides
a. the morality of constraint
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that humans develop through stages of moral reasoning. Which orientations from Kohlberg’s theory would an elementary teacher most likely observe?
Choose 3
a. punishment-obedience
b. good boy–nice girl
c. law-and-order
d. social contract
e. universal ethical principle
a. punishment-obedience
b. good boy–nice girl
c. law-and-order
Why might Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development be controversial?
Choose 3
a. His moral dilemmas are far removed from everyday social interactions.
b. Moral determinations vary from culture to culture.
c. The theory predicts moral action at each stage of cognitive development.
d. The theory deals primarily with personal everyday situations.
e. Differences in male and female socialization effect morality.
a. His moral dilemmas are far removed from everyday social interactions.
b. Moral determinations vary from culture to culture.
e. Differences in male and female socialization effect morality.
Teachers should be knowledgeable about stages of development in human behavior because this information:
Choose 3
a. helps teachers control children’s behavior.
b. explains why behavior changes over time.
c. is useful in creating lesson plans.
d. tells teachers what students will and will not be able to understand.
e. indicates how rapidly some children will learn.
b. explains why behavior changes over time.
c. is useful in creating lesson plans.
d. tells teachers what students will and will not be able to understand.
Initiative versus Guilt is a stage of psychosocial development in which:
a. middle-school students are most intellectually curious. b. pre-school and kindergarten children should explore and experiment. c. adolescents experience inferiority and self-consciousness. d. infants approach the world with suspicion or trust.
b. pre-school and kindergarten children should explore and experiment.
How does Erikson’s theory define industry versus inferiority as a stage of psychosocial development?
a. becoming independent of parents and teachers b. learning to be intellectually productive c. choosing an occupation d. establishing close emotional bonds with others
b. learning to be intellectually productive
A middle school teacher grades an examination on a curve, which will likely:
a. make sure students study harder for the next examination. b. reduce the students’ sense of industry. c. discourage students from cheating. d. create a sense of healthy competition.
b. reduce the students’ sense of industry.
By providing time for free play, a preschool teacher is helping children develop a sense of:
a. trust. b. identity. c. intimacy. d. autonomy.
d. autonomy.
What does the Piagetian term “operation” describe?
a. surgical procedures and techniques b. calculations by mathematical processes c. actions carried out through logical thinking d. imitative behaviors
c. actions carried out through logical thinking
According to Piagetian theory, children’s thinking gradually shifts from being based on concrete objects or ideas to thinking that is more abstract and generalized.
a. True
b. False
a. True
On a visit to the zoo, a preschool-aged child points a zebra and says, “Look at the horse.” This is an example of:
a. assimilation. b. accommodation. c. identity formation. d. formal operations.
a. assimilation.
To what does the Piagetian term “egocentrism” refer?
a. the young child’s desire to work and play cooperatively with peers b. young children’s ability to solve conservation problems c. the difficulty of understanding another person’s perspective d. selfishness and conceit
c. the difficulty of understanding another person’s perspective
What is adolescent egocentrism?
a. reacting to what one thinks the world should be, rather than what it is b. being argumentative with adults c. the desire to consider alternative points of view d. adolescents’ concern for peers who achieve identity formation
a. reacting to what one thinks the world should be, rather than what it is
As defined by Vygotsky, psychological tools:
Choose 4
a. include speech, writing, maps and diagrams.
b. are passed on through culture.
c. must result from formal instruction.
d. both aid and change mental functioning.
e. are introduced through social interactions.
a. include speech, writing, maps and diagrams.
b. are passed on through culture.
d. both aid and change mental functioning.
e. are introduced through social interactions.
While students are engaged in a problem-solving exercise, the teacher provides hints and prompts and asks leading questions. What is likely the primary purpose of the teacher’s actions?
a. to help students solve the problem faster b. to get through the lesson in the prescribed time c. to be culturally aware and responsive to students d. to scaffold the students’ zones of proximal development
d. to scaffold the students’ zones of proximal development
Under what circumstances would Vygotsky most likely advocate for the use of technology with respect to teaching essay writing?
a. The students are taught to use specific writing software. b. The writing software provides scaffolds for learning. c. Knowledge of writing software is required for college and career readiness. d. Students are encountering disequilibrium.
b. The writing software provides scaffolds for learning.
What assumptions are often made about children learning moral themes through reading but are not supported by research?
Choose 3
a. Moral themes are the equivalent to fact-based information.
b. Moral themes are accessible to readers.
c. Readers interpret what they read differently.
d. All readers understand the author’s point.
e. Reading comprehension involves cognitive activity.
a. Moral themes are the equivalent to fact-based information.
b. Moral themes are accessible to readers.
d. All readers understand the author’s point.
Piaget’s analysis of cognitive development and moral behavior:
Choose 4
a. links cognitive development to moral reasoning and behavior.
b. is based on his observations of children at play.
c. defined moral realism and moral relativism.
d. was elaborated by Lawrence Kohlberg.
e. specified what nice girls and good boys do.
a. links cognitive development to moral reasoning and behavior.
b. is based on his observations of children at play.
c. defined moral realism and moral relativism.
d. was elaborated by Lawrence Kohlberg.
Trust VS Mistrust
World is good or scary
Infant 0-1
Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Toddler 2-3
Initiative VS Guilt
Pre-school 4-5
