Chapter 7

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

A catabolic process by which a partial degradation of sugar or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

Most efficient catabolic pathway

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

Similar to aerobic but without oxygen; done by some prokaryotes.

Question 4

Cellular respiration

Answer 4

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.

C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+6H2O+ energy

Question 5

Redox reaction

Answer 5

In chemical reactions, the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

Question 6

Oxidation vs. Reduction

Answer 6

Loss of electrons =Reducing agent (donates)

Gain of electrons=oxidizing agent (acceptor)

Question 7

NAD+

Answer 7

A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.

Question 8

Electron transport chain

Answer 8

Breaks the “fall” of electrons into a series of smaller steps and stones some the the released energy in a form that can be used to make ATP.

Question 9

What do mitochondrion membrane proteins do with the ETC

Answer 9

Sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. Electrons removed from glucose are shuttles by NADH to the top, higher energy end of the chain. At the bottom is O2 which captures electrons along with H+ for,in water.

Question 10

Simpler pathway of electron transport

Answer 10

Glucose- NADH-ETC-Oxygen

Question 11

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

Answer 11

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation(ETC and chemiosmosis)

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

Occurs in the cystol, begins the degradation process of breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
(Euk. Pyruvate enters mitochondrion and is oxidized to acetyl COA)

Question 13

Citric acid cycle

Answer 13

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose by oxidizing Acetyl COA to CO2.

(In mitochondrion of euk, in cystol of prok.)

Question 14

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

The production of ATP using energy deceived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. Accounts for 90% of ATP produced.

Question 15

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 15

The enzyme catalyze formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate.

Question 16

What are the two 3 carbon sugars called after glycolysis?

Which gets turned to the other and how?

Answer 16

Pyruvate: G3P(Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) and DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone)

DHAP gets turned to G3P by the enzyme isomerase.

Question 17

Net production of Glycolysis

Answer 17

2 pyruvate 
2H2O
4 ATP-2 used =2 ATP
2 NADH
2H+

Question 18

When O2 is present pyruvate of euk. Go where?

Answer 18

Into mitochondrion where oxidation of glucose is completed.

In anaerobic prokaryotes process is in cystol

Question 19

GTP

Answer 19

Molecule similar to ATP used to make ATP or directly work in the cell.

Question 20

ETC in euk and prok

Answer 20

Collection of molecules embedded in inner membrane of mitochondrion

Plasma membrane

Question 21

Cytochromes

Answer 21

An iron containing protein that is used in ETC in mitochondrial and chloroplasts of euk, and plasma membrane in prok.

Last cytochrome of the chain, Cyta3 passes its electrons to oxygen which is very electronegative.

Question 22

The oxygen molecule that picks up electrons at end of chain also picks up what?

Answer 22

Two hydrogen protons, neutralizing 2 electrons to from water.

Question 23

FADH2 adds electron to chain where?

Answer 23

At lower electronegative level.

ETC provides 1/3 less energy for ATP synthesis when e- donor is FADH2.

Question 24

How much ATP is made through Electron transport?

Answer 24

NONE YOU IDIOT

Question 25

Chemiosmosis

Answer 25

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stores in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive celular work, such as synthesis of ATP.

Question 26

ATP synthase

Answer 26

The enzyme that converts ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate . Works as an ion pump but in reverse. Uses energy pod an existing ion gradient to power.

(Difference of H+ concentration on opposite sides of mitochondrion inner membrane)

Question 27

How does the ATP synthase work

Answer 27

Protons move 1 by 1 into binding sites of one of the parts of the rotor, causing it to spin in a way that makes ATP from ADP

Question 28

Electron transport chain establishes what

Answer 28

An H+ gradient across inner mitochondrion membrane. Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ across membrane. ATP synthase provides only oath through membrane for H+ to move down gradient.

Question 29

Proton motive force

Answer 29

The potential energy stores in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generates by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a membrane during chemiosmosis.

Question 30

If fermentation does not use ETC what does it use to make ATP?

Answer 30

An extension of glycolysis to continuously generate ATP. Needs lots of NAD+ to accept electrons. Transfer of electron from NADH to pyruvate. Continuously makes 2 ATP every cycle.

Question 31

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 31

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2.

Question 32

Lactic acidosis fermentation

Answer 32

Glycolysis follows by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2.

Question 33

Similarities of fermentation, anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Answer 33

All use glycolysis to oxidize organic fuels(protein, carb, fats) to pyruvate

Net 2 ATP from glycolysis

NAD+ is oxidizing agent (accepts e-)

Question 34

Obligate anaerobe

Answer 34

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration (die in oxygen)

Question 35

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 35

Organism that can survive using either fermentation or respiration

Question 36

Dehydrogenase

Answer 36

Enzymes which catalyze transfer of 2e- and 1 proton to NAD+

Question 37

Oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 37

Oxidative: addition of organic phosphate to ADP

Substrate: transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 38

Is there ever equilibrium when DHAP becomes G3P?

Answer 38

No, always more glucose being added

Question 39

Anaerobic respiration uses what as final electron acceptor?

Answer 39

Sulfur, nitrate etc.

These are less electronegative than oxygen thus less energy is produced.