Chapter 3

Question 1

What makes something an organic compound?

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

It contains carbon

Large organic molecules formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.

Question 2

A single bond allows for ______

Answer 2

Rotation

Double bonds have lack of movement

Question 3

What are hydro carbons?

How do they vary?

Answer 3

Consist of only carbon and hydrogen bonded in a non polar way.

Vary in lengthy, branching, number and position of double bonds and the presence of rings.

Question 4

Critically large important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes…..

Which are macromolecules?

Answer 4

1. Carbohydrates (m)
2. Lipids
3. Proteins(m)
4. Nuclei acids (m)

Question 5

Isomers

Answer 5

Compounds that have the same umber of atoms of the same element but different structures hence different properties.

Question 6

Structural isomers

Cis isomers

Enantiomers

Answer 6

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Isomers that are the Mirror image of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of the asymmetric carbon.

Question 7

Polymer

Monomer - how connected?

Answer 7

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. Connected by dehydration reaction

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.

Question 9

Dehydration reaction

Answer 9

Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule.

One molecule looses H, one loses OH.

Question 10

Monomers are deassembled by….

Answer 10

Hydrolysis- water breakage

Water comes in

Question 11

Carbohydrates def

Answer 11

A sugar (monosaccharides(monomer)) or one of its dimers (disaccharides, polysaccharides)

Question 12

Describe the three types of sugars

Answer 12

Mono-multiple of CH2O
Di-consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage for,ed by dehydration reaction.
Poly-a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reaction.

Question 13

Lipids def

Answer 13

Any of a group of large biomolecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all with water.

Lipids are used for protection, energy storage and insulation

Question 14

What is fat

Answer 14

Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.

Question 15

What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 15

Saturated: A fatty acid in which all carbon in hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds. At room temp is solid, molecules packed tightly.

Unsaturated: fatty acid that has one or more double bonds, reduced the number of H atoms attached to carbon skeleton. Molecules are more free at room temp, because they can’t become packed with double bond.

Question 16

In carbs starch is used for____ and cellulose is used for____

Answer 16

Storage of carbs

Ridged plant cell walls

Question 17

Phospholipids def

Answer 17

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non polar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the ,molecule is polar and hydrophilic. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

Question 18

Steroids def

Answer 18

A type of lips characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached. Steroids are highly concentrated energy stores.

Question 19

What are proteins built from what is the bond between them called

Answer 19

20 amino acids

Peptide bond

Question 20

Polypeptide def

Answer 20

A polymer of many amino acids liked together by peptide bonds

Question 21

Protein def

Answer 21

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure.

Question 22

Amino acid def

Answer 22

An organic molecule possessing both a carbonyl and an amino group. Serve as monomers for polypeptides. Has r group or side chain that differ with each acid. Amino group connects to the carbonyl group of another acid through dehydration reaction.

Question 23

Describe the characteristics of non polar, polar and charged amino acids

Answer 23

Non: lots of CH3, H
Polar: OH, NH2
Charged: acidic:O-, basic: NH3+, NH2+, NH+

Question 24

At the end of a polypeptide there is an amino end and a carbonyl end known as?

Answer 24

Amino- N terminus

Carbonyl-C terminus

Question 25

Proteins fold into two types of shapes. What are they?

Answer 25

Globular- spherical

Fibrous- Long fibres

Question 26

What are the four levels of protein structure

Answer 26

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Question 27

Describe primary

Answer 27

Linear chain of amino acids

Question 28

Describe secondary

Answer 28

Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.

Localized coils and folds

Question 29

Describe tertiary

Answer 29

3d shape stabilized by interactions between side chains.

Overall shape of polypeptide

Hydrophobic interactions: a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.

Question 30

Describe quaternary

Answer 30

Association of two or more polypeptides. It is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits.

Question 31

Disulphide bridges

Answer 31

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

Results in reinforcement shape of protein.

Question 32

Denaturation

Answer 32

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to destruction of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming inactive.

Ex: egg becomes white and solid when cooked. Proteins unfold and pack together in lines.

Question 33

Nucleic acid

Answer 33

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins m for all cellular activists . Two types- DNA, RNA

Question 34

DNA

Answer 34

A nucleic acid with a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base A,G,T,C capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cells protein.

Two sugar-phosphate backbones that run in opposite 5’-3’ directions. Held by hydrogen bonds between base pairs

Question 35

RNA

Answer 35

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous Bases A,C,G,U, usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis and gene regulation.

Question 36

Nucleotide

Answer 36

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1-3 phosphate groups.

Question 37

Pyrimidine and purine

Answer 37

Pyrimidine: 1 six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. -cytosine, thymine and uracil

Purine: larger, with a six membered ring fused to a 5- membered ring-adenine and guanine.