Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the five unifying themes of biology?
Levels of organization
Transfer and transformation of energy and matter
Transmission of genetic information
Interactions between organisms and their environment
Evolution
What are the levels of organization?
Biosphere, ecosystem (living/nonliving), community (living), population (all members of species that can produce fertile offspring), organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule( two or more atoms held by covalent bond)
What is reductionism?
The study of components of a complex system ex: DNA structure
What is systems biology?
The study of complex processes ex: cellular division
What are emergent properties?
Are due o interactions between individual components and can only be studied in specific environments. Ex: photosynthesis can only work in organized chloroplast.
Or propertied belonging to a collection or a complex system but that individual parts do not have.
Def of evolution
The process of change over time that has resulted in astounding array of organisms found on Earth.
Eukaryotic cell
Type of cell with a membrane bound nucleus and enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells include: Protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Prokaryotic cell
Type of cell lacking a meme brand bound nucleus and organelles. Includes bacteria and Archea.
Simplified DNA replication
DNA segment is transcribed by mRNA. Then translated into a chain of amino acids. Proteins folded into proteins.
Genome
entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
Proteome
Entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells
Is energy ever lost?
No, it is simply changed into different forms
Climate change
Directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.
What are the three domains
Bacteria: Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
Archea: Prokaryotes that live on Earths extreme environments
Eukarya: Inlcudes:
-Plantae: terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize
-Animalia: Multicellualr eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
-Fungi: Absorb nutrients outside their body
-Protista: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that ingest or/photosynthesize.
What are Darwins essential observations?
- Individuals in a population vary in their traits, inheritable
- A population can produce more than can survive-competition
- Species are suited o their environments
Natural selection
Over any generations, a higher and higher proportion of individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits.
Inductive vs. Deductive reasoning
In: type of logic which generalizations are bases on a large number of specific observations. Moves to theory
De:type of logic where specific results are predicted from a general premise. Moves to conclusion (what results should we obtain if hypothesis is true)
DNA
Unit of inheritance, containing chromosomes which encode for hundred of thousands of genes per chromosome.
Genes encode for?
Information for reproduction
Molecules required for ongoing cell function
Symbiosis def and types
One species lives in direct and intimate contact with another.
- Mutualism (both benefit)
- Commensalism (Only 1 benefits)
- Parasitism (1 benefits, other is harmed)
Unity vs. Diversity
Unity: Sharing of traits between organisms descended from a single ancestor.
Diversity: Certain inheritable traits are inherited after their divergence from a common ancestor.
Classifying Diversity, What are the levels and what happens as you move lower.
Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, Genus, Species
Lower you get the more clearly related
Within the three domains of life, which two are more closely related?why?
Eukarya and Archea Share greater biochemical similarities
What is charles Darwin’s meaning of decent with modification?
Species arise from ancestors that differed from them due to natural selection and evolutionary adaptations.
Finch example
What are the similarities and differences between domains of life?
Sim: All living things, Archea and bacteria are prokaryotes, eukarya and Archea have biochemical commonalities.
Dif: Eukarya can be multicellular, cells are more complex prokaryotes are all single cellular. Archea live in extreme environments
Similarities and differences of 4 kingdoms of eukarya?
Plantae and some Protista photosynthesize
Fungi absorb nutrients
Animalia and some protists ingest to gain energy
What is the scientific process for hypothesis and testing
- Make observations of a natural phenomenon.
- Form a hypothesis: Logical explanation for the observed phenomenon.
- Testing through analysis of data
- Qualitative data: Description of an observation
- quantitative data: Numerical measurements
What makes a theory?
- Broad in application
- Can result in multiple testable hypothesis
- Supported by large body of evidence through multiple experiments
- Theory is a “truth” which has substantial evidence to support it, but cannot be proven absolutely
