Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the five unifying themes of biology?

Answer 1

Levels of organization
Transfer and transformation of energy and matter
Transmission of genetic information
Interactions between organisms and their environment
Evolution

Question 2

What are the levels of organization?

Answer 2

Biosphere, ecosystem (living/nonliving), community (living), population (all members of species that can produce fertile offspring), organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule( two or more atoms held by covalent bond)

Question 3

What is reductionism?

Answer 3

The study of components of a complex system ex: DNA structure

Question 4

What is systems biology?

Answer 4

The study of complex processes ex: cellular division

Question 5

What are emergent properties?

Answer 5

Are due o interactions between individual components and can only be studied in specific environments. Ex: photosynthesis can only work in organized chloroplast.

Or propertied belonging to a collection or a complex system but that individual parts do not have.

Question 6

Def of evolution

Answer 6

The process of change over time that has resulted in astounding array of organisms found on Earth.

Question 7

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 7

Type of cell with a membrane bound nucleus and enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells include: Protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Question 8

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 8

Type of cell lacking a meme brand bound nucleus and organelles. Includes bacteria and Archea.

Question 9

Simplified DNA replication

Answer 9

DNA segment is transcribed by mRNA. Then translated into a chain of amino acids. Proteins folded into proteins.

Question 10

Genome

Answer 10

entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Question 11

Proteome

Answer 11

Entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells

Question 12

Is energy ever lost?

Answer 12

No, it is simply changed into different forms

Question 13

Climate change

Answer 13

Directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.

Question 14

What are the three domains

Answer 14

Bacteria: Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
Archea: Prokaryotes that live on Earths extreme environments
Eukarya: Inlcudes:
-Plantae: terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize
-Animalia: Multicellualr eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
-Fungi: Absorb nutrients outside their body
-Protista: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that ingest or/photosynthesize.

Question 15

What are Darwins essential observations?

Answer 15

1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits, inheritable
2. A population can produce more than can survive-competition
3. Species are suited o their environments

Question 16

Natural selection

Answer 16

Over any generations, a higher and higher proportion of individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits.

Question 17

Inductive vs. Deductive reasoning

Answer 17

In: type of logic which generalizations are bases on a large number of specific observations. Moves to theory

De:type of logic where specific results are predicted from a general premise. Moves to conclusion (what results should we obtain if hypothesis is true)

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

Unit of inheritance, containing chromosomes which encode for hundred of thousands of genes per chromosome.

Question 19

Genes encode for?

Answer 19

Information for reproduction

Molecules required for ongoing cell function

Question 20

Symbiosis def and types

Answer 20

One species lives in direct and intimate contact with another.

1. Mutualism (both benefit)
2. Commensalism (Only 1 benefits)
3. Parasitism (1 benefits, other is harmed)

Question 21

Unity vs. Diversity

Answer 21

Unity: Sharing of traits between organisms descended from a single ancestor.

Diversity: Certain inheritable traits are inherited after their divergence from a common ancestor.

Question 22

Classifying Diversity, What are the levels and what happens as you move lower.

Answer 22

Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, Genus, Species

Lower you get the more clearly related

Question 23

Within the three domains of life, which two are more closely related?why?

Answer 23

Eukarya and Archea Share greater biochemical similarities

Question 24

What is charles Darwin’s meaning of decent with modification?

Answer 24

Species arise from ancestors that differed from them due to natural selection and evolutionary adaptations.

Finch example

Question 25

What are the similarities and differences between domains of life?

Answer 25

Sim: All living things, Archea and bacteria are prokaryotes, eukarya and Archea have biochemical commonalities.

Dif: Eukarya can be multicellular, cells are more complex prokaryotes are all single cellular. Archea live in extreme environments

Question 26

Similarities and differences of 4 kingdoms of eukarya?

Answer 26

Plantae and some Protista photosynthesize
Fungi absorb nutrients
Animalia and some protists ingest to gain energy

Question 27

What is the scientific process for hypothesis and testing

Answer 27

1. Make observations of a natural phenomenon.
2. Form a hypothesis: Logical explanation for the observed phenomenon.
3. Testing through analysis of data
   - Qualitative data: Description of an observation
   - quantitative data: Numerical measurements

Question 28

What makes a theory?

Answer 28

• Broad in application
• Can result in multiple testable hypothesis
• Supported by large body of evidence through multiple experiments
• Theory is a “truth” which has substantial evidence to support it, but cannot be proven absolutely