Chapter 7

Question 1

Mental Imagery

Answer 1

the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present

Question 2

Visual Imagery

Answer 2

the mental representation of visual stimuli

Question 3

Auditory Imagery

Answer 3

the mental representation of auditory stimuli

Question 4

Perception

Answer 4

uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses
-requires both bottom-up and top-down processing

Question 5

Imagery debate

Answer 5

do our mental images resemble perception (using an analog code), or do they resemble language (using a propositional code)?

Question 6

Analog code

Answer 6

a representation that closely resembles a physical object

Question 7

Propositional code

Answer 7

an abstract, language-like representation; storage is neither visual nor spatial, and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus

Question 8

Experimenter expectancy

Answer 8

the researchers biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment

Question 9

Demand characteristics

Answer 9

all the cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant

Question 10

Pitch

Answer 10

a characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high

Question 11

Timbre

Answer 11

describes the sound quality of a tone

Question 12

Cognitive map

Answer 12

a mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us

Question 13

Spatial cognition

Answer 13

primarily refers to three cognitive activities: 1) our thoughts about cognitive maps, 2) how we remember the world we navigate, and 3) how we keep track of objects in a spatial array

Question 14

Heuristic

Answer 14

a general problem-solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution… but not always

Question 15

Border Bias

Answer 15

people estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of that geometric border, compared to two locations on the same side of that border

Question 16

Landmark effect

Answer 16

the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when travelling to a landmark– an important geographical location – rather than a non-landmark

Question 17

90-degree-angle heuristic

Answer 17

when people represent angles in a mental map as being closer to 90-degrees than they actually are

Question 18

Symmetry heuristic

Answer 18

people tend to remember figures as being more symmetrical and regular than they truly are

Question 19

Rotation heuristic

Answer 19

We remember a slightly tilted geographic structure as being either more vertical or more horizontal that it really is

Question 20

Alignment heuristic

Answer 20

We remember a series of geographic structures as being arranged in a straighter line than they really are

Question 21

The Spatial Framework Model

Answer 21

emphasizes that the above-below spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking, the front-back dimension is moderately important, and the right-left dimension is least important

Question 22

The Situated Cognition Approach

Answer 22

we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation