Chap 5: Long-term Memory

Question 1

Long-term memory

Answer 1

Has a large capacity; contains memory for experiences that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime and can retain material for many decades

Question 2

Episodic memory

Answer 2

Memories for personal events

Question 3

Semantic memory

Answer 3

Knowledge about factual information

Question 4

Procedural memory

Answer 4

Knowledge about how to do something

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

Process information and represent it in your memory

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

Locate information in storage, and you access that information

Question 7

Levels of processing approach

Answer 7

Argues that deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow sensory kinds of processing

Question 8

Distinctiveness

Answer 8

A stimulus is different from other memory traces

Question 9

Elaboration

Answer 9

Requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

Question 10

Self-reference effect

Answer 10

You will remember more information if you try to relate that information to yourself

Question 11

Encoding specificity

Answer 11

Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Question 12

Recall task

Answer 12

The participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier (short answer)

Question 13

Recognition task

Answer 13

The participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time (multiple choice questions)

Question 14

Emotion

Answer 14

A reaction to a specific stimulus

Question 15

Mood

Answer 15

A more general, long lasting experience

Question 16

What are two ways in which emotion and mood can effect memory

Answer 16

1. We typically remember pleasant stimuli more accurately than other stimuli
2. We typically recall material more accurately if our mood matches the emotional nature of the material (mood congruence)

Question 17

Pollyanna principle

Answer 17

States that pleasant items are usually processes more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items

Question 18

Positivity effect

Answer 18

People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively over time

Question 19

Mood congruence

Answer 19

You recall more material more accurately if it is congruent with your current mood

Question 20

Explicit memory task

Answer 20

A researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested, and the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned

Question 21

Implicit memory task

Answer 21

You see the material (usually a series of words or pictures); later, during a test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition

Question 22

Repetition priming task

Answer 22

Recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you’ll think of this particular word, when you are given a cue that could evoke many different words

Question 23

Dissociation

Answer 23

Occurs when a variable has large effects on test A, but little or no or opposite effects on test B

Question 24

Own-ethnicity bias

Answer 24

People are generally more accurate in identifying members of their own ethnic group than members of other ethnic groups

Question 25

Autobiographical memory

Answer 25

Memory for events and issues related to yourself

-shapes your personal history and your self-concept

Question 26

Schema

Answer 26

Consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something

Question 27

Consistency bias

Answer 27

We tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint

Question 28

Source monitoring

Answer 28

Trying to identify the origin of a particular memory

Question 29

Reality monitoring

Answer 29

Try to identify whether an event really occurred, or whether you actually imagined this event

Question 30

Flashbulb memory

Answer 30

Refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event

Question 31

Post-event misinformation effect

Answer 31

People first view an event; then they are given misleading information about the event; later on, they mistakenly recall misleading information, rather than the event they actually saw

Question 32

Proactive interference

Answer 32

People have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories

Question 33

Retroactive interference

Answer 33

People have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories

Question 34

Constructivist approach

Answer 34

Emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating what we know; as a result, our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent and it makes sense

Question 35

Recovered memory perspective

Answer 35

Some individuals who experienced sexual abuse during childhood managed to forget that memory for many years and it comes flooding back into consciousness at a later time

Question 36

False memory perspective

Answer 36

Proposes that most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories (constructed stories about events that never occurred)

Question 37

Betrayal trauma

Answer 37

Describes how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted adult betrays them by sexual abuse